bir(2,4) bir(2,4) n., mistiness (of the eyes) (ba, 'inanimate conjugation prefix', + ér, ír, 'to weep' and ur5, 'to smell', with possibly a hidden meaning of 'to dry' for Vr or ara4 as also seen in dúr). v., to sniff, wrinkle one's nose; to dry up, shrivel up. adj., flaccid, shriveled up (said of a penis). bir4,5 bir4,5 locust; sparrow (cf., bìr for animals in plural numbers). bir6,7 bir6,7 to rip to pieces; to break (cf., bir for similar semantics). biz biz, bi(z) n., tears (Akk. loanword from bi,s,su, 'flow of tears' and ba,saa,su, 'to (let) drip', cf., Orel & Stolbova #256 *baz- 'flow, be wet'). v., to drip, trickle; to cry; to ooze; to pour; to rinse off; to impute, accuse; to push someone away; to dry (cf., bi-bi-zé). bul(4) bul(4), bu(5) to blow; to ignite, kindle; to sprout (onomatopoeic). bun(2) bun(2), bu(7) n., lamp, light; blister; bag-type of bellows; rebellion (hollow container + nu11, 'lamp' ?). v., to be swollen; to blow; to shine brightly (cf., bul, 'to blow; to ignite'). bur bur meal, repast; stone bowl, pot (cf., búru) (ba, 'portion, rations, open container', + úr, 'lap, thighs, legs') [BUR archaic frequency: 51; concatenation of 4 sign variants]. bur12 bur12, bu(3,6) to tear, cut off; to pull, draw; to be drawn; to tear out, uproot; to remove, keep away (ba, 'to divide' + úr, 'base, root') [BU archaic frequency: 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants].

𒂦 bàd n., (city) wall [? EZEN archaic frequency: 114; concatenation of 3 sign variants]. v., to climb, ascend. bàn bàn (cf., bànda). bàr bàra, pàra, bàr, pàr[DAG], para4, par4[KISAL] to stretch or spread out; to pass over; to be stretched or spread out (cf., bárag) (interchanges with búru) (ba, 'to apportion, divide', + ra(-g/h), 'to overflow'; cf. compound word, ba-ra(-g)) [BARA3 archaic frequency: 13]. bán bán vessel; a measure of capacity or volume = 10 liters (sìla) in the Ur III period; = 6 liters at Presargonic Girsu (cf., banda2,4,5) (ba, 'portion, rations', + na, 'human being'). bár bár (cf., barag). bár barag, bára, bár, bara5,6 throne dais; king, ruler; cult platform; stand, support; crate, box; sack; chamber, dwelling (container plus ra(g), 'to pack') [? BARA2 archaic frequency: 69; concatenates 2 sign variants; ? ZATU-764 archaic frequency 21]. bìd bìd, bi7 n., anus (open container with motion away from). v., to defecate; to urinate. bìl bìl sprout, shoot ('it rises'). bùr bùr a square surface measure = 6.48 hectares = 18 iku = 3 area éše = 1800 sar = the amount of land that supported a family (also cf., bùru) (from Akkadian buuru IV, "hunger", but cf., bii/eeru IV, "space, distance"). bùr bùru(-d), bùr n., opening; receptacle; hole; mine; depth (Akk. buuru 'cistern, well', cf., Orel & Stolbova #164, *ba'Vr-/*bu'Vr- "well, pit"; could also be Sumerian from, ub4, 'cavity, hole', + úr, 'floor' - the u vowel especially correlates with round objects or openings). v., to receive; to bore through, pierce; to break into (a house). dab(2,4,5) dab(2,4,5), dib(2) n., fetter. v., to hold; to take, seize, catch; to bind, tie up; to take away; to hire; to receive (motion into open container).

AB: Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒀊 (ab, “sea”)

AL: girah 𒄑𒋗𒁶 | ninggul 𒄑𒃻𒄢 : TOOL

Anu (Akkadian: 𒀭𒀭 ANU, from 𒀭 an "Sky", "Heaven") or Anum, originally An (Sumerian: 𒀭 An)

ASH: The Sumerian cuneiform sign an (𒀸 and MAŠ 𒈦) is made up of the signs ash and maš. It is a common, multi-purpose sign that can be used as a syllabic for an, an alphabetic sign for a or n, or to designate a "god". In the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Amarna letters, the sign is used for hundreds of years and in other cuneiform texts. When representing "dingir", the English word for "god", the sign can be written as a superscript d or capitalized as D.

BA: Etymology. Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒁀 (ba, “to give as a gift, to divide up”).

BI: It is more likely that it derives from the Sumerian /biz/ "to trickle, drip, ouze". The most common use of the sign is to represent the grammatical clitic /bi/ meaning "its, their".

DA: possible meaning "Lord [of the] Good Tree") was a Mesopotamian deity of vegetation, the underworld and sometimes war. He was commonly associated with snakes. Like Dumuzi, he was believed to spend a part of the year in the land of the dead. He also shared many of his functions with his father Ninazu. Ningishzida.

DAG: Diggu 𒄩 *dʰǵʰu- (“fish”)

DAGAL-BURU: daĝal-búru spread out over a wide extent ('wide' + 'to spread out').

DU: Here, it seems like Enheduanna describes poetic creation as a kind of birth, but the crucial Sumerian syllable, du, takes on various meanings when written down, including to give birth, but also to speak, to create, and to release.

DUB:Translingual Cuneiform sign 𒁾 Sign Number MZL 242 Deimel 138 HZL 99 References English Wikipedia has an article on: List of cuneiform signs R. Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (MZL), Münster (2003) A. Deimel, Šumerisches Lexikon (Deimel), Rome (1947) Chr. Rüster, E. Neu, Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon (HZL), Wiesbaden (1989) Akkadian Etymology 1 Borrowed from Sumerian 𒁾 (dub). Logogram 𒁾 • (DUB) Sumerogram of ṭuppum Etymology 2 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒁾 (kišib₃). Logogram 𒁾 • (KIŠIB) Sumerogram of kunukkum Sumerian Etymology 1 Noun 𒁾 • (dub) tablet 𒁾 𒉆𒋻𒊏 ― dub nam-tar-ra /dub namtarak/ ― the Tablet of Destinies Related terms 𒂍𒁾𒁀𒀀 (edubak, “school”) 𒄀𒁾𒁀 (gidubak, “stylus”) Descendants → Akkadian: 𒁾 (ṭuppum) (see there for further descendants) Etymology 2 Alternative forms of /kišib/ 𒈩 (kišib) 𒎎𒁾 (na₄kišib₃) Noun 𒁾 • (kišib₃ /kišib/) cylinder seal, sealed tablet Derived terms 𒈩𒇲 (kišibla) See also Sumerian terms spelled with 𒁾 References “𒁾 (dub)” in ePSD2 “𒁾 (kišib)” in ePSD2

E: possible meaning "Lord [of the] Good Tree") was a Mesopotamian deity of vegetation, the underworld and sometimes war. He was commonly associated with snakes. Like Dumuzi, he was believed to spend a part of the year in the land of the dead. He also shared many of his functions with his father Ninazu. Ningishzida.

E₂: A Sumerian short form that likely means "Lord of Water".

EN: lord/lady (Borger 2003 nr. 164. ; U+12097 𒂗, see also Ensí) is the Sumerian cuneiform for 'lord/lady' or 'priest[ess]'. Originally, it seems to have been used to designate a high priest or priestess of a Sumerian city-state's patron-deity – a position that entailed political power as well

EZEN: Diggu 𒄩 *dʰǵʰu- (“fish”)

𒂷𒂊 ĝá-e I; myself ('I' + subjective ending).

GA: Etymology. Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒂵 (ga, “milk”).

gal4(-la) gal4(-la), gála vagina, vulva, female genitalia (throat-like chamber + lá, 'to penetrate, pierce'). The Sumerian word gala (𒍑𒆪) refers to priests and musicians who served the Sumerian goddess Inanna: Priests The gala were a significant part of the staff at temples and palaces in Mesopotamian city states. They were originally known for singing lamentations, but later specialized in soothing songs for their goddess. Temple records from the middle of the 3rd millennium BC mention gala priests, and administrative texts say they married and had large families. Musicians The gala were also musicians who performed hymns of mourning and praise at funerals. These hymns were intended to keep the gods happy and ward off adversity. The gala were sometimes referred to as a "third-gender" because of their transgender identity, which helped them to be seen as boundary-crossers between humanity and the gods. They were active from around 2600 BCE.

GI: Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒄀 (gi, gin₆ /⁠gin⁠/, “to be firm, true”).

GIR: Etymology. Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒌋𒀜 (gir₄ /⁠gir⁠/, “oven”).

GISH: 𒄑 • (g̃eš, g̃iš /g̃eš/) tree wood, timber, log yoke

GU: 𒈬 • myself / I / me

HA: The cuneiform ha sign comes in two common varieties in the 1350 BC Amarna letters. It is also found in the large 12-chapter (Tablets I-XII) work of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Cuneiform ha is used as a syllabic for ha, and an alphabetic for h, or a; from the Epic of Gilgamesh it also has two sumerogramic uses (capital letter (majuscule)), for HA (Akkadian language zittu, for "share"), and KU6, for nūnu, "fish".[3] Akkadian: Sign values Sign 𒄩 Sumerograms A₇, KUA, KU₆, ḪA Phonetic values ḫa (ʾa₄)

HARSAG: The Sumerian term *ḫar. sag̃*, or ḫarsang, written as 𒄯𒊕 in Sumerian, can be translated as "mountain", "hill", "foothills", or "piedmont". Thorkild Jacobsen later suggested that it could also mean "head of the valleys". In Mesopotamian mythology and Assyro-Babylonian religion, mountains are associated with deities such as Anu, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursag.

HI: The cuneiform hi/he sign, (and its Sumerograms), has many uses in both the 14th century BC Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh; also other texts, for example Hittite texts. It is also used to form a second usage of the plural HI.A, . The more common plural is Meš, found in sub-varieties of the sign, a vertical (left), and a horizontal, with 3 wedges, in various position(right); (a digital form)-. The alphabetic/syllabic uses and Sumerograms of the 'hi' sign from the Epic of Gilgamesh:[1] he, hi, DÙG (Sumerogram), HI, ŠÁR, = Akkadian šar,[2] (3600), (area of land). Its usage numbers from the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows:[1] he-(5), hi-(86), DǛG-(3), HI-(6), and ŠÁR-(13).

I: Vowel one of the four

IBRU: guli [FRIEND] wr. gu5-li; gu-li; gu7-li "friend, comrade" Akk. ibru The most basic/general one is dusa, but a phrase like this seems like it would go better with kuli, which implies a closer, more solid friendship. Adding ash and the possessive suffix -ngu “my”, we get the phrase kuliashngu “my (one and) only friend”, written 𒆪𒇷𒀸𒈬 in cuneiform.

IG: 𒅅 Sumerograms GAL₂, IG Phonetic values eg/ek/eq, ig/ik/iq Etymology 1 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒅅 (ig, “door”) Logogram 𒅅 • (IG) Sumerogram of daltum (“door”) Etymology 2 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒅅 (gal₂, g̃al₂ /⁠g̃al⁠/, “to exist”). Logogram 𒅅 • (GAL₂) Sumerogram of bašûm (“to exist”)

IM: 𒉎 Sumerograms IM, IŠKUR, NI₂, TU₁₅ Phonetic values em, im Logogram 𒉎 • (IM) Alternative form of 𒅎 (IM) Sumerian Etymology 1 Noun 𒉎 • (im) clay, mud tablet Etymology 2 Noun 𒉎 • (im) wind spirit, soul rain (probably to be read /šeg̃₇/) 𒉎 𒀠𒀀𒀭 ― im al-šeg̃₃ /im alšeg̃/ ― it's raining (literally, “"rain rains"”) Etymology 3 Noun 𒉎 • (ni₂ /ni/) fear, fearsomeness Etymology 4 Noun 𒉎 • (ni₂ /ni/) self See also Sumerian terms spelled with 𒉎 References “𒉎 (im, “clay”)” in ePSD2 “𒉎 (im, “rain; wind”)” in ePSD2 “𒉎 (ni₂, “fear”)” in ePSD2 “𒉎 (ni₂, “self”)” in ePSD2

KA: The Sumerian writing system uses ideograms and syllabograms to represent sounds and words. The sign for the sound /ka/ is based on the rebus principle, using the ideogram for "mouth" because the Sumerian word for "mouth" is also "ka". This allows the writing system to express non-Sumerian names and grammatical markers.). The cuneiform ka sign is a common, multi-use sign, a syllabic for ka, and an alphabetic sign used for k, or a; it is common in both the Epic of Gilgamesh over hundreds of years, and the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Cuneiform "ka" is nearly identical to a similar 'mid-size' to larger cuneiform sign, ša (cuneiform); because both ka, and ša have two separate specific uses, once these usage sites are identified on a specific Amarna letter, for example, the difference between the two can be followed.

LAGAB: Etymology 1 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒆸 (lagab, “block, stump of a tree”). Logogram 𒆸 • (LAGAB) Sumerogram of upqum (“tree trunk, block”) Etymology 2 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒆸 (lugud₂ /⁠lugud⁠/, “to be short”). Logogram 𒆸 • (LUGUD₂) Sumerogram of kurûm (“short”) Sumerian Etymology 1 Noun 𒆸 • (lagab) block, slab, lump stump (of a tree) Verb 𒆸 • (lagab) to break into clods References “𒆸 (lagab, “block”)” in ePSD2 “𒆸 (lagab, “to break”)” in ePSD2 Etymology 2 Verb 𒆸 • (lugud₂ /lugud/) to be short, tight, short of breath References “𒆸 (lugud, “to be short”)” in ePSD2 Etymology 3 Verb 𒆸 • (nig̃in₂ /nig̃in/) to circle about, go around, wander about to encircle, enclose, surround to be surrounded with References “𒆸 (nig̃in)” in ePSD2

Ki: (Sumerian: 𒀭𒆠) was the earth goddess in Sumerian religion, chief consort of the sky god An.[1] In some legends[citation needed] Ki and An were brother and sister, being the offspring of Anshar ("Sky Pivot") and Kishar ("Earth Pivot"), earlier personifications of the heavens and earth. Cuneiform sign Cuneiform Ki (k) (I) (Borger 2003 nr. 737; U+121A0 𒆠) is the sign for "earth". It is also read as GI5, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAŠ (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAḪ (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR7 (=KI.GAG). In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values gi, ge, qi, and qe.

KU:𒆪 Sumerograms DURUN, DURU₂, DUR₂, KU, TUKUL, TUŠ, ŠE₁₀ Phonetic values ku/qu₂ Etymology Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒆪 (tukul, “weapon”) Logogram 𒆪 • (TUKUL) (rare) Sumerogram of kakkum (“weapon”) Sumerian Etymology 1 Noun 𒆪 • (tukul) Alternative form of 𒄑𒆪 (g̃eštukul /⁠tukul⁠/) Etymology 2 Alternative forms of /dab/ 𒁳 (dab) 𒍏 (dab₆) Verb 𒆪 • (dab₅ /dab/) to grasp, hold, seize See also Sumerian terms spelled with 𒆪 Etymology 3 Verb 𒆪 • (ku /ku/) to place, lay, spread Verb 𒆪 • (tuš /tuš/) to sit, dwell, be inactive (perfective stem). Verb 𒆪 • (dur₂ /dur/) (plural durun, written 𒂉𒊒𒉈 dur₂-ru-ne or 𒆪𒆪 KU.KU) to sit, dwell, be inactive (imperfective stem).

LUGAL: Lugal (Sumerian: 𒈗) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man."[1] In Sumerian, lú "𒇽" is "man" and gal "𒃲" is "great", or "big." he cuneiform sign LUGAL 𒈗 (Borger nr. 151, Unicode U+12217) serves as a determinative in cuneiform texts (Sumerian, Akkadian and Hittite), indicating that the following word is the name of a king. In Akkadian orthography, it may also be a syllabogram šàr, acrophonically based on the Akkadian for "king", šarrum. Unicode also includes the cuneiform characters U+12218 𒈘 CUNEIFORM SIGN LUGAL OVER LUGAL, and U+12219 𒈙 CUNEIFORM SIGN LUGAL OPPOSING LUGAL.

MA: Ma is a Sumerian word meaning "land" that in Sumerian mythology was also used to regard Primordial Land. There seems to be some loss in records as to the transition, but the same name Ma appears again later, also tied to the Earth, in Ma being referred to as "Mother of the mountain" - in this case, Kur (Mountain) the first dragon god. The underworld Kur is the void space between the primeval sea (Abzu) and the earth (Ma). The cuneiform ma sign, is found in both the 14th century BC Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the Epic it is also used as the Sumerogram MA, (for Akkadian language "mina", manû, a weight measure, as MA.NA, or MA.NA.ÀM). [1] The ma sign is often used at the end of words, besides its alphabetic usage inside words as syllabic ma, elsewhere for m, or a. The usage of cuneiform ma in the Epic of Gilgamesh, is only exceeded by the usage of a (cuneiform) (1369 times, and 58, A (Sumerogram), versus 1047 times for ma, 6 for MA (Sumerogram)).[2] The high usage for a is partially a result of the prepositional use for a-na-(Akkadian "ana", to, for, etc.); "i", also has an increased prepositional use of i (cuneiform), for Akkadian ina, (i-na), for in, into, etc.

MUSH: The Sumerian word mušḫuššu is written in cuneiform as 𒈲𒍽 MUŠ. ḪUŠ, which translates to "reddish snake" or "fierce snake". Mušḫuššu is also the Akkadian nominative of the Sumerian word, which is a mythological hybrid and folklore figure in Babylonian mythology. The word mušḫuššu may also be translated as "splendour serpent".

MU: 𒈬 mu n., name; word; year; line on a tablet, entry; oath (cf., ĝu10) [MU archaic frequency: 99]. v., to name, speak (cf., mug). prep., because. conjugation prefix, suggests involvement by speaker, used especially before dative infixes, preferred for animate and agentive subjects.

NA: 𒈾 The cuneiform na sign is a common, multi-use sign, a syllabic for na, and an alphabetic sign used for n, or a; it is common in both the Epic of Gilgamesh over hundreds of years, and the 1350 BC Amarna letters. In the Epic of Gilgamesh it also has sumerogramic (capital letter (majuscule)) usage for NA. An example usage for NA in the Epic is for the spelling of NA.GAD, (also LÚ.NA.GAD, and the plural LÚ.NA.GAD.MEŠ), for Akkadian language "nāqidu",[3] "herdsman". The usage for NA in herdsman is only for 3 spellings. The commonness of cuneiform na, in the top 25 used signs by Buccellati (Buccellati 1979),[4] (2nd highest usage, exceeded by a: a (cuneiform)) is because of usage for the spelling of a-na (Akkadian language "ana"[5]) -, the common preposition spelling for English language: to, for, by, of, at, etc.. It is also a component for the Akkadian language preposition: i-na (ina), meaning: in, into, by, etc.. The na sign usage from the Epic of Gilgamesh is as follows: na-(736 times), NA-(24).[6]

NAM: The Sumerian word Namtar (𒉆𒋻) literally means "fate" and was a figure in ancient Mesopotamian religion. Depending on the context, Namtar could be considered a minor god. Etymology. Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒉆 (nam, “fate”).

NINDA: 𒃻 Conversation. Compare the cuneiform sign ninda, a logogram which represents the Sumerian word for “food” or “bread”. The first image is of ninda in a tablet from Ur ~3000 BCE, while the others are of ninda in a fragment of a medical text from Nineveh ~650 BCE.

NUN: The Sumerian cuneiform sign NIN (𒎏) is often translated as "lady" and can also mean "queen", "mistress", "proprietress", or "lord". It can be used to refer to a priestess or queen, and is also used to write the names of many goddesses, such as NIN.GAL ("great lady") and É.NIN.GAL ("lady of the great temple"). The sign is a ligature of MUNUS (𒊩) and TÚG (𒌆). The Akkadian language later borrowed the word NIN.

Nunuz: Etymology. Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒉭 (nunuz, “egg”).

PA:The cuneiform pa sign, (as Sumerogram, PA), has many uses in both the 14th century BC Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh. It is routinely and commonly used to spell the Akkadian language word "pānu",[1] face, presence, and with a preposition (ex. ana pānu), before. In the photo of the obverse of EA 364, it is used to spell Akkadian "eperu",[2] 'dust', (EA 364, lines 7,8: "...and (ù dust (IŠ (Sumerogram)=dust)) and (u)\ dust "-(a-pa-ru). (The two "and"-s are u-(no. 3), then u-(no. 1)-(u (cuneiform))(the bottom half).)

PI: Translingual Cuneiform sign 𒉿 Sign Number MZL 598 Deimel 383 HZL 317 References English Wikipedia has an article on: List of cuneiform signs R. Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (MZL), Münster (2003) A. Deimel, Šumerisches Lexikon (Deimel), Rome (1947) Chr. Rüster, E. Neu, Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon (HZL), Wiesbaden (1989) Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒉿 Sumerograms GEŠTUG, PI, TAL₂ Phonetic values a₃, pe, pi, wa, we, wi, wu Etymology 1 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒉿 (g̃eštug, “ear”). Logogram 𒉿 • (GEŠTUG) Sumerogram of uznum (“ear”) Etymology 2 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒉿 (PI, pronunciation unknown, a unit of capacity). Logogram 𒉿 • (PI) Sumerogram of pānum (“bushel”) Sumerian Alternative forms of /g̃eštug/ 𒄑𒌆𒉿 (g̃eštug₂) 𒄑𒉿𒌆 (g̃eštug₃) Noun 𒉿 • (g̃eštug) ear intelligence, mind, understanding, reason Related terms 𒄑𒌆𒉿𒁺 (g̃eštug₂ gub /⁠g̃eštug gub⁠/) See also 𒄑𒌆𒉿𒋔 (g̃izzal) Sumerian terms spelled with 𒉿 References “𒉿 (g̃eštug)” in ePSD2

PIRIG:Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒊊 Sumerograms GIRI₃, GIR₃, PIRIG, UG₂, ŠAKKAN₂ Phonetic values — Eblaite Etymology From Proto-Semitic *labuʔum (“lion”). Noun 𒊊 (PIRIG /labʾum/) m lion Sumerian Noun 𒊊 • (pirig̃) lion Synonym: 𒌨𒈤 (ur-maḫ /⁠urmaḫ⁠/) References “𒊊 (pirig̃)” in ePSD2

RA: 𒊏 Sumerograms RA Phonetic values ra Etymology Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒊏 (ra /⁠raḫ⁠/, “to hit”) Logogram 𒊏 • (RA) Sumerogram of maḫāṣum (“to hit”)

SA: The Sumerian cuneiform sign for ša is made up of two wedge strokes, one above the other, between two verticals on the right side. An example of this sign can be seen in the top half of the reverse side of EA 365, where the two wedge strokes are clearly visible between the two right verticals.

SAG: Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒊕 Sumerograms SAG Phonetic values ris, riš, sag/sak/saq, san, šag/šak/šaq Etymology Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒊕 (sag̃, “head”). Logogram 𒊕 • (SAG) Sumerogram of pūtum (“forehead, front”) (rare) Sumerogram of qaqqadum (“head, top, person”) Sumerogram of rēštum (“beginning”) Sumerogram of rēšum (“head, top, slave”) Sumerian Noun 𒊕 • (sag̃) head front, fore, beginning surface, top man, person, human being slave, servant Derived terms 𒊕𒁺 (sag̃-du, “head”) 𒊕𒆗 (sag̃-kal, “first rank, preeminent, foremost”) 𒊕𒆠 (sag̃-ki, “forehead, brow”) 𒊕𒉺𒆸 (zaraḫ, “lamentation, wailing”) Related terms 𒊕𒁍 (sag̃ gid₂ /⁠sag̃ gid⁠/, “to get angry”) 𒊕𒅍 (sag̃ il₂ /⁠sag̃ il⁠/, “to raise the head”) 𒊕𒈪𒂵 (sag̃ gig₂-ga /⁠sag̃ giga⁠/, “Black Headed Ones”) See also Sumerian terms spelled with 𒊕 References “𒊕 (sag̃)” in ePSD2 Daniel Foxvog, Elementary Sumerian Glossary (2016)

SHA: Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒊮 Sumerograms (ŠAG₄), ŠA₃ Phonetic values ša₃ Etymology Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒊮 (ša₃, šag₄ /⁠šag⁠/), Logogram 𒊮 • (ŠA₃) Sumerogram of libbum (“heart”) Sumerian Noun 𒊮 • (ša₃, šag₄ /šag/) heart, inside, interior, middle 𒊮 𒈬𒁀𒅗 ― šag₄ mu-ba-ka /šag mubâka/ ― in the middle of that year womb Related terms 𒊮𒉺 (šag₄ sag₃ /⁠šag sag⁠/, “to be afflicted”) 𒊮𒊷 (šag₄ sag₉ /⁠šag sag⁠/, “to feel better”) See also Sumerian terms spelled with 𒊮 References “𒊮 (šag)”

SHE: The word shekel is based on the triliteral Proto-Semitic root ṯql, cognate to the Akkadian šiqlu or siqlu, a unit of weight equivalent to the Sumerian gin2. Use of the word was first attested in c. 2150 BC under the reign of Naram-Sin of Akkad, and later in c. 1700 BC in the Code of Hammurabi.

SHIM:𒋆 • (šim) aromatic substance, aromatics, alcohol beverage making “𒋆 (šim)”

TA: Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒋫 Sumerograms TA Phonetic values da₂/ṭa₂, ta Etymology Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒋫 (ta, “from”). Logogram 𒋫 • (TA) Sumerogram of ištu (“from; since”) (Neo-Babylonian) Sumerogram of itti (“with”) Sumerogram of ina (“from, out of”) Sumerian Etymology 1 Particle 𒋫 • (ta) (place) from, out of 𒄑𒆵𒆠𒋫 𒂗𒆤𒆠𒂠 ummaki-ta nibruki-še₃ from Umma to Nippur (time) from, since 𒌓 𒌓𒁺𒋫 𒌓 𒋗𒍑 u₄ e₃-ta u₄ šu-uš from sunrise to sunset (instrumental) with, by means of 𒁹 𒇻𒊺 𒈗𒂊 𒄈𒋫 𒅔𒄤 diš udu niga lugal-e g̃ir₂-ta in-gaz the king killed one fattened sheep with a dagger (causal) thanks to, because of 𒀉 𒀭𒀏𒋫 a₂ dnanše-ta thanks to the strength of the goddes Nanshe Etymology 2 “what” Emegir 𒀀𒈾 (ana) Emesal 𒋫 (ta) Pronoun 𒋫 • (ta) (Emesal, interrogative) what

TAG: Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒋳 Sumerograms TAG, ŠUM Phonetic values tag/tak/taq, šum Etymology Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒋳 (tag, “to touch”). Logogram 𒋳 • (TAG) Sumerogram of lapātum (“to touch”) Sumerian Verb 𒋳 • (šum) Alternative form of 𒋧 (šum₂ /⁠šum⁠/, “to give”) Verb 𒋳 • (tag) to attack to bind to take hold of to touch (music) to play Noun 𒋳 • (tag) tag touch Noun 𒋳 • (šum) slaughter Verb 𒋳 • (tuku₅ /tuku/) to beat to strike (of cloth) to weave Noun 𒋳 • (tibir) palm, (cupped) hand fist 𒋳 (šum) 𒋳 (tag) 𒋳 (tibir) 𒋳 (tuku)

U: Cuneiform sign for u, (1st of 3 common u's), and Numeral 10; and also used as a conjunction, Akkadian u, for "and", "but", etc., (an obvious space saver in texts, if needed). Etymology 1 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒌋 (giguru, “edge, rim”). Logogram 𒌋 • (GIGURU) Sumerogram of gigurû (“Winkelhaken”) Etymology 2 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒌋 (u, “ten”). Logogram 𒌋 • (U) Sumerogram of ešeret (“ten”) Etymology 3 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒌋 (umun, “lord”). Logogram 𒌋 • (UMUN) Sumerogram of bēlum (“lord”) Elamite Pronoun 𒌋 (u) I Hittite Symbol 𒌋 • (u) Cuneiform sign for vowel 'u'. Luwian Symbol 𒌋 (u) Cuneiform sign for vowel 'u'. Sumerian Sumerian numbers (edit) ← 1 ← 9 10 20 → 1 Cardinal: 𒌋 (u) Etymology 1 Noun 𒌋 • (bur₃ /burud/) breach, hole depression, low-lying area, depth Verb 𒌋 • (bur₃ /burud/) to perforate to be deep Etymology 2 Noun 𒌋 • (bur₃ /bur/) unit of area and volume "bur" Etymology 3 From 𒄀 (gi, “reed”) +‎ 𒄥 (gur, “to turn”) +‎ 𒀀 (a, nominalizing suffix), literally “reed stylus turned around”, indicating the antecedent of the sign 𒌋, a circular hole made with the butt end of the stylus. Noun 𒌋 • (giguru) edge, rim Etymology 4 Verb 𒌋 • (šu₄ /šug/) Alternative form of 𒁻 (sug₂ /⁠sug⁠/, “plural of 𒁺 (gub, “to stand”)”) Etymology 5 Noun 𒌋 • (u) abuse finger gift totality hole, earth Etymology 6 Jagersma proposes /ju/ as original pronunciation, which later changed to /ˀu/, with loss of initial /j/.[1] Numeral 𒌋 • (u /u/) ten, 10 Etymology 7 Noun 𒌋 • (umun) Alternative form of 𒅇𒈬𒌦 (u₃-mu-un /⁠umun⁠/, “lord”) See also Sumerian terms spelled with 𒌋

UD: Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒌓 Sumerograms BABBAR, UD, UTU, U₄ Phonetic values liḫ, par, pir, tam, ud/ut/uṭ, ḫiš Etymology 1 Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒌓 (ud, “sun, day”). Logogram 𒌓 • (U₄, UD, UTU) Sumerogram for šamšum (“sun”) Sumerogram for ūmum (“day”) Etymology 2 From the first sign of 𒌓𒁺 (e₃ /⁠ed⁠/, “to go out”). Logogram 𒌓 • (UD) (Middle Babylonian, personal names) Sumerogram of waṣûm (“to go out”) Sumerian Alternative forms of /babbar/ 𒌓𒌓 (babbar₂, bar₆-bar₆) Etymology 1 Verb 𒌓 • (babbar) to be white See also Colors in Sumerian · 𒍨 (zib₂ /⁠zib⁠/)(layout · text) 𒌓 (babbar) 𒈪 (giggi) 𒋜 (su₄ /⁠su⁠/), 𒁱 (dara₄ /⁠dara⁠/) 𒋜 (su₄ /⁠su⁠/), 𒁱 (dara₄ /⁠dara⁠/) 𒅊 (sig₇ /⁠sig⁠/) 𒅊 (sig₇ /⁠sig⁠/) 𒍝𒆳 (za-gin₃ /⁠zagin⁠/) 𒄭𒈨𒁕 (ḫe-me-da /⁠ḫemeda⁠/) Etymology 2 Noun 𒌓 • (u₄, ud, utu /ud/) sun day heat a fever summer Derived terms 𒌓𒁀 (ud-ba /⁠ud-bâ⁠/) Proper noun 𒌓 • (utu /Utu/) Alternative form of 𒀭𒌓 (dutu /⁠Utu⁠/) Etymology 3 Alternative forms of /zalag/ 𒂟 (zalag₂) 𒈜 (zalag₃) Verb 𒌓 • (zalag) to be pure to be bright, shine See also Sumerian terms spelled with 𒌓

UM: Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒌝 Sumerograms UM Phonetic values um Sumerian Alternative forms of /um/ 𒄀𒌝 (gium) Etymology Noun 𒌝 • (um) a reed rope).

Ur₂: Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒌫 Sumerograms UR₂ Phonetic values ur₂ Etymology Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒌫 (ur₂ /⁠ur⁠/, “base, foundation”). Logogram 𒌫 • (UR₂) Sumerogram of išdum (“base, foundation”) Sumerian Alternative forms of /ur/ 𒄑𒌫 (g̃ešur₂) 𒄀𒌫 (giur₂) Noun 𒌫 • (ur₂ /ur/) root, trunk, base limb, leg loin, lap).

URU: Translingual Cuneiform sign 𒌷 Sign Number MZL 71 Deimel 38 HZL 229 Derived signs 𒍎 References English Wikipedia has an article on: List of cuneiform signs R. Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (MZL), Münster (2003) A. Deimel, Šumerisches Lexikon (Deimel), Rome (1947) Chr. Rüster, E. Neu, Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon (HZL), Wiesbaden (1989) Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒌷 Sumerograms URU Phonetic values eri, iri Etymology Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒌷 (uru, “city”). Logogram 𒌷 • (URU) Sumerogram of ālum (“city”) Determinative 𒌷 • (URU, uru) used before names of cities and other place names. Hittite Noun 𒌷 • (URU) city Derived terms URU.BÀD = fortified city Sumerian Alternative forms of /iri/ 𒌷𒆠 (iriki) 𒍍 (uru₂) Noun 𒌷 • (iri, uru /iri/) city, town References “𒌷 (iri)” in ePSD2

USH: Ush, king of Umma Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools Appearance hide Text Small Standard Large Width Standard Wide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ush 𒍑 King of Umma Imprisoned man of Umma on the Stele of the Vultures Reign c. 2500 BCE – 2450 BCE Predecessor Pabilgagaltuku Successor Enakalle Dynasty 1st Dynasty of Umma Ush (𒍑 Uš, possibly read Ninta) was King or ensi of Umma, a city-state in Sumer, circa 2450 BCE.[1] Ush is mentioned in various inscriptions, such as the Cone of Entemana as having violated the frontier with Lagash, a frontier which had been solemnly established by king Mesilim.[1] 8–12 𒈨𒁲 𒈗𒆧𒆠𒆤 𒅗 𒀭𒅗𒁲𒈾𒋫 𒂠 𒃷 𒁉𒊏 𒆠𒁀 𒈾 𒉈𒆕 me-silim lugal kiški-ke4 inim dištaran-na-ta eš2 gana2 be2-ra ki-ba na bi2-ru2 "Mesilim, king of Kiš, at the command of Ištaran, measured the field and set up a stele there." 13–17 𒍑 𒉺𒋼𒋛 𒄑𒆵𒆠𒆤 𒉆 𒅗𒈠 𒋛𒀀𒋛𒀀𒂠 𒂊𒀝 uš ensi2 ummaki-ke4 nam inim-ma diri-diri-še3 e-ak "Ush, ruler of Umma, acted unspeakably." 18–21 𒈾𒆕𒀀𒁉 𒉌𒉻 𒂔 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠𒂠 𒉌𒁺 na-ru2-a-bi i3-pad edin lagaški-še3 i3-g̃en "He ripped out that stele and marched toward the plain of Lagaš." Extract from the Cone of Enmetena, Room 236 Reference AO 3004, Louvre Museum

ZA:Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒍝 Sumerograms ZA Phonetic values sa₂, za/ṣa Sumerian Alternative forms of /za/ 𒎎 (za₂) Noun 𒍝 • (za) bead, precious stone, gem See also Sumerian terms spelled with 𒍝 References “𒍝 (za)”

ZU: 𒍪 zu, sú n., wisdom, knowledge. v., to know; to understand; to inform, teach (in marû reduplicated form); to learn from someone (with -da-); to recognize someone (with -da-); to be experienced, qualified. adj., your (as suffix). pron., yours.

ZU NE NE: 𒍪𒉈𒉈 .zu.ne.ne - your (p)

ZUM: Akkadian Sign values Sign 𒍮 Sumerograms ZUM Phonetic values ṣu, ṣum Sumerian Noun 𒍮 • (ḫaš₄ /ḫaš/) Alternative form of 𒍨 (ḫaš₂ /⁠ḫaš⁠/)