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[TOC spread]

Cover

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Title Page

Sumerian Cuneiform

English Dictionary

Mugsar

Ed. Peter & Tara Hogan

12013 CT

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.[Online Sumerian Cuneiform English Dictionary MUGSAR logo 25xii]
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Dedication

.[Mugsar Dedication Enheduanna].

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Reproduction

Copy Peter & Tara Hogan 12013CT

Copy for non-commercial purposes. Where relevant give proper attribution, see Reference section.
It's all part of the unearthing process, Civilization Time, belongs to all of us, especially when the subject matter is the displaced first one – can you just see that black Kiengi designing that first tablet some 5400 years ago.

Oh, and don"t forget the all important step 1, Write or tatto your name in cuneiform! This is ours:

[Peter Hogan Tara Hogan cuneiform dubsar]

[peter-hogan-mugsar-founder]

Peter Hogan
Mugsar Founder
sumeriancuneiformdictionary@gmail.com
PO Box 1 Potts Point NSW 1335 (Sydney) Australia

[mugsar contact 3a]

[twitter-button] [twitter-button]  [pinterestr-button]  [facebook-button]  [academia-button31]

Contents | Top

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MUGSAR file format convert tips

Kindle was our favoured eReader (faulty design won't recharge). Anyway, just send (to your username@kindle.com) our Word .docx file (you can find the latest upload here) "as is" [Do NOT add "convert" to the subject line, it stuffs it up] straight to your Kindle – it comes up just perfect. Kindle now uses .kf8 cf. the old .azw / mobi
PDF – Though still very common for now, seems to have many limitations, esp as a source format for conversion – Calibre FAQs say it's a crap format: “In order of decreasing preference: LIT, MOBI, AZW, EPUB, AZW3, FB2, DOCX, HTML, PRC, ODT, RTF, PDB, TXT, PDF”
ePUB – The most common eReader format is ePUB, and even better, it's "open source". MUGSAR ePUB version is now available from the Internet Archive.
Free Convert Software – The most popular seems to be Calibre. Though some say that you can"t use .docx as a source format, it now does. The new Kindle .kf8 is not yet an acceptable format, but if .docx works that's all you need. | calibre-ebook.com/download_windows | manual.calibre-ebook.com/conversion | browsingrhino.com…calibres-great-conversion-of-docx-into-ebooks | Main steps: 1. Add books [select .docx file] 2. Convert books [Some important selections] Output format: EPUB [or pref.] Page Setup: Default Output Profile [or pref.] 3. On job completion (how long does Calibre take to convert? time varies 10-30 mins+ [may appear to be stuck on all that micro$oft crap at 47 or 67%]) Right click – save to disk single file – then select EPUB only Then that ePUB is your best source for other formats. But first load it in, right click and use the Editor to fix up any bugs. As for converting to mobi, found Calibre far superior to Kindlegen (or Kindle for PC) - Kindlegen doubled the file size to over 16mb, bloated the graphics, some now not fitting the screen; and lost the TOC and cover. Calibre came up great, and actually reduced the file size. Online Convert - 2epub.com

[Sumerian Cuneiform Dictionary MUGSAR ebook viewer 30]

HTML and all the Mugsar sign jpg graphics ZIP - now at the Internet Archive here Note: The un-zipped htm file may still be compressed to around 260 Kb just moving it to another folder will un-compress (to about 1700Kb; jpg items 6.9Mb unzipped)

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Internet Archive Downloads

[Internet_Archive]

All our Internet Archive downloads

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eBook Description

The Mugsar is the only standalone Sumerian Cuneiform Dictionary for the founders of 'educaton', including the etymology of the word itself, 5000 years ago, in the world. Compare our world ranking already without any funding at academia.edu (see elite professors comparison study). The Mugsar has all the innate qualities that give sponsors a genuine shot at immortality, plus everything on one page exploring - download capability - don’t need to be connected to the internet as is the case for cumbersome script-driven databases.

Nothing comes close to the nifty Mugsar:

𒌋 The unique Mugsar 4-Way

1. unicode 2. sign 3. lemma 4. translation

All together in each listing. At elite university sites it's all over the place. None give unicodes and their translations are superficial / computer generated.

𒌋 The real nifty part, the Mugsar QuickFinder

𒌋 Specially designed for small "tablet" screens that may not be able to display cuneiform fonts.

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The first great civilization (fl c. 6600CT – 8000CT) were the Sumerians – “ki.en.gi”, who were black ("sag gig.ga") to boot! For the enlightened Sumer is aptly termed the "cradle of civilization".

Much has been plagiarized from them without due attribution, not just the wheel, writing, law, but even true etymologies – the real origins of so many English words like "abzu" = abyss, not to mention "shekel", the Hebrew term for money — some would have us believe that everything starts with the Greeks and Romans, world champion plagiarizers themselves. Our libraries may as well forget the non-fiction / history section – just put it all under fiction. How some can relegate this great civilization to what's conjured by terms like “ancient” and “BC”. It's not going backwards, they come first at about 6600CT.

[Sumer to Greece plagiarism]

Tablet 1

[mugsar tablet 1 introduction]

Inspiration for all this came out of not being able to find a Sumerian cuneiform sign list with unicode, lemma and translation. There are some amazing dedicated websites and books produced by some amazing academes {missing fragment} …from the experience of living in Japan and studying kan-ji, it became obvious that you have to have the logogram, reading and translation all together. Just reading and translation is useless. And now of course linking everything is the unicode – see our unique "Mugsar 4-Way", an example:

Inana and the Seven Cosmic Powers of her Loincloth

u₄-/ba nin-gu₁₀ an\ mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta

Once, my dear lady heaven roamed around

Some well funded universities like Oxford's Faculty of Oriental Studies ETCSL et al have everything separated, don"t give unicodes at all, and for the sign they link off to PSD (University of Pennsylvania) where it is often not clear which is the relevant one. And their translations are superficial, probably computer generated. When you work with the actual cuneiform signs, rather than just impotent readings using our boring English phonetic script, you start to see that the scribes were not just telling a story, but literally painting the scene.

When we start going deeper than such misleading translations it becomes very revealing. It's not just that to the chagrin of some, that the Sumerians keep referring to themselves as black, there's a sign in particular that clearly tells us that the very first professors, scholars, experts, master craftsman, the ones who could write and teach, were black…

𒈪

…and "um-mi-a" is not just of a more recent period of only 4000 years ago (Ur III) it goes way back to over 5000 years ago (ED IIIb) [a good 2000 years before the Greeks et al]:

[cpd um-mi-a first professors are BLACK psd 14 over 5000ya]

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[cpd digir dim3-mi-ir black god]

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Gilgamesh, the hero of oldest written epic is also black [cpd BIL-GA-MESH black hero Gilgamesh] BIL.GA.MEŠ (Sumerian: Bilgamesh [cf. Billjim!]; Akkad.: Gilgamesh) [1224B BIL₂burnt + 120B5 GA young (bull) + 12229 mes (meš) black hero (next on the sign list is the more common black sign 1222A 𒈪 MI; and 1207E dub 𒁾 able to write = power connotation)]

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And not only were the first scholars black, the earliest known author and poet was female (and most likely black), Enheduanna.

It's even more bewildering when you see someone like Jeremy Black ('1951-12004) founder of ETCSL, publish Literature of Ancient Sumer but leaves out the actual cuneiform. Starting with the Introduction (see Google Books) he adeptly covers the nuances using the awesome 9x6cm tablet containing 16 lines of Nertal's Axe story, encouraging the reader to begin to feel how enchanting Sumerian cuneiform is. Yet he sticks solely to what he calls “our Latin alphabet” (didn"t it come west via the Phoenicians [Lebanon], as in the phonetic alphabet!) in giving Sumerian readings and transliteration. Straight off he could have shown he was going to be totally faithful. Why not show us the beautiful picture of the magical axe, which when we go hunting for it on his own ETCSL baby (c573.4) we find [cpd urud determ ha-zi-in axe Nergal] (hazin, see 12154). What a shame. Jeremy must have known the signs intimately, and could have told us so much about his personal findings on their evolution and little things to look for in the pictures. Likewise with The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture - with a title that highlights the word cuneiform, yet way less than 1% actually shows signs. Really there should have been at least a chapter about the 300 most common Sumerian cuneiform. Nope, just some 800 pages of English phonetic script. And incredibly expensive. Yet you can find much of it around the Net (see Google Books for starters) and some fair dinkum cuneophiles share their contributions for free, like Frans van Koppen's Chapter 7 The Scribe of the Flood Story and His Circle at academia.edu (the original Mugsar 16i14 pdf is there too).

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The scribes who invented writing 5000 years ago clearly had no inhibitions about the basis for the design of their cuneiform, nor should we bowdlerize [etym.: Thomas Bowdler expurgated William Shakespeare (aka Edward de Vere) '1822] for hypocritical luddites / puritans who are still happy to plagiarize the technology revolution started by the Sumerians.

[tablet 1 introduction]

Scratching and dragging a pointed stylus would not have been near as effective and enduring for us to be able to read now.

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To top it off, at long last, for the many frustrated cuneophiles out there, comes the nifty Mugsar QuickFinder Index. Can you find an elite university that nifty?

Oh, and if any nuts were looking for evidence that these first great civilizations got some help from aliens …well, your first glance at the arrangement of many signs sure reminds one of spaceships, docking modules, rocket thruster exhausts – take a look at 12217 𒈗 LUGAL King he's in a spaceship man! As you would expect for the King of the Sumerians / “Kings of the Earthlings“.

Seriously though, enduring Sumerian picture script on tablets offers us a lot more than say Greek phonetic writing on papyrus (much of it disintegrated almost immediately). One might first say that for starters the Greeks were much more intellectual. But how much of the basics were plagiarized from the Sumerians.

With the tablets we have a conduit, like electrons through a main circuit travelling at the speed of light straight back 5000 years ago. Analogous to astronomers and their powerful telescopes peering back into the evolution of galaxies (now there's an aptly interesting True Etymology – see 120F2 GAL big) and the universe. The pictures the scribes have transmitted on those tablets impress a profound insight into exactly how the people of the first civilization were thinking. Even with only a basic familiarity with the meanings of the logograms, it can be like watching timeshifted live video. Much more fascinating than the most expensive Steven Speilberg blockbuster but then what's a movie without a scriptwriter, and we"re talking about the very first writers ever, who put down the motifs of Gilgamesh and Inana.

Stop a moment and think about it. Put the huge amount of time in perspective. In that time many cultures did not develop writing at all, some had it and lost it. When plagio-religio somehow began to dominate the Romans the West was plunged into the Dark Ages, ironically only a bunch of monks were allowed to rehash one group of stories with a flood story, etc., plagiarized from guess where. Writing has really only started to make a comeback in the last few hundred years after the Renaissance / Enlightenment (even Guillem Shaksper's Stratford daughter couldn"t write). That's less than 10% of the timeline back to the Sumerians.

So at the next party you can say “I like movies” or “I"m studying a second language, French…” or you can say, “I"m a collaborator on the Mugsar … a nifty little [igiTablet MUGSAR] (they had it a bit before Steve Jobs!) we are developing so anyone can watch the Sumerians walking around 5000 years ago…”

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Why Support the Mugsar?

What's in it for me, my family, my school, my business, my community?
Taking the high road, it's a major altruistic endeavor.
From a selfish viewpoint, it's a genuine shot at immortality.
To validate such a bold answer let's do a comparison.

Which has a better shot at Immortality: iPhone vs Mugsar ?

You know the iPhone from the zillion dollar Apple advertising campaigns.
It’s an apt comparison because founder Steve Jobs (11955-12011CT) is of the same generation, as is Microsoft’s Bill Gates (b. 11955CT) to Mugsar Pete’s (b. 11956CT), but he never ran into a Steve Wozniak or a Paul Allen, who were critical in the start of both enterprises.
The epochal Mugsar is the only standalone Sumerian Cuneiform Dictionary for the founders of 'education' in the world.
Compare its world ranking already with elite professors without $1 in support at academia.edu (considering too most of these professors get a $120K+ lifetime salary but few produce papers that students look at, whereas there’s Pete’s epochal Mugsar the education system dictates he gets continued remuneration reward of stone cold poverty).

Only the Mugsar rides the coattails of, and promotes 'Civilization Time' for all students in all cultures.
It constantly highlights the position of the Sumerians in CT to avoid the naivete of referring to them as 'ancient', and as a symbol that we are all part of its ascent - no cultural or class barriers, and so that users can see an unbroken timeline cf. the incumbent broken zero missing backwards sectarian year counting.

The Mugsar will become the defacto standard for every student in every school in the world to know Sumerian Cuneiform.
Can any other product realistically boast a market share that big?
We're not talking iPhones grabbing 30% of world market share, and wondering can they maintain it against Android et al.
Will the whole Apple corporation be even in existence in 1000* years? [*For the Mugsar we could easily add lots of zeros to the time frame but we'll keep the argument within a sporting chance for Apple.]
Can you even imagine how people will communicate in 1000 years, a chip implant or something direct to the brain?
Will a well run society's top educators think it reasonable to make sure students know Sumerian Cuneiform and how they founded 'education' to make Western Civilization possible in the first place. (Will they really be able to keep their jobs by only pushing the Romans and Greeks, like they got nothing from the Sumerians?)
Or will those students be browsing the Mugsar with those brain implants?

[iphone-v-mugsar-immortality-13017CT]

Which do you think has a better shot at growing market share, year in year out, decade in decade out, century in century out, millennia in millennia out – iPhone or Mugsar?

Which do you think has a better shot at immortality – iPhone or Mugsar?

Benefactors-Sponsors of Mugsar Sections-Signs

One day you will be gone.
Nobody will know you ever existed.
Why be forgotten?

Immortalize yourself, your family, your school, your business, your community by sponsoring the entire Mugsar, sections, like the nifty QuickFinder index, individual signs.

It's something like what happens in archaeology where a newly discovered dinosaur is named after a benefactor, like "Anzu wyliei – Chicken from Hell" named for the benefactor’s grandson, Wylie J Tuttle.

Obviously signs would have different values, depending on special attributes. High value ones would be particularly prestigious, for example, the very first on the alpha-numeric unicode system:

12000 𒀀 A vowel; water... {𒀔 The Xxxxxx Family 12017CT}

The icon used is [nigul g breve txt], an everlasting possession [120FB ni[h breve]₂ possession + 1230C ul distant time]

Heck, even dispossessed families like ours could be assigned some immortality pixels somewhere, including obscure variants that may still become more valuable for compound-making; and even turning graphics like the cover into a 10x10 pixel mosaic (aka image mapping) .
All plots would link to the official Mugsar Immortal Benefactors Register (MIBR).

Finder’s Commissions

There would be a whopping 80% Finder’s Commission if the new MIB is found by an existing MIB.

More details at the here.

Mugsar Worldwide Headquarters

Being the school/town that becomes the Mugars wordwide headquarters could one day not only make you famous but also be an injection into the local economy, especially by creating jobs and hosting the MugsarFest (see below). All welcome. No candidate too small.
Whatever happens, it would be nice to think one day there will be a campus at the Mugsar Founders' Byron Bay Australia ancestral home, BallyHogan est.  '1882 - as close as possible to the mystical sphinx-pyramid conjuring Hogans Bluff (on maps near 171 Midgen Flat Road Newrybar NSW).

MugsarFest

Sales/auctions of signs; workshops – like how to write on clay; prizes for best clay tablet works, including replicas of famous Sumerian clay tablets, like the Gilgamesh Epic.
There would be 2 levels of MugsarFests:
1. MugsarFest International – a big annual event held to rival top film festivals hosted by the worldwide headquarters.
2. MugsarFest Fundraisers at the local level – meaning at any school, town, charity, not-for-profit. In areas of unemployment these could be setup to provide job experience or volunteer work - kind of like a franchise. No registration or permission required, just go ahead and do it.
If you make money, great. A bonus comes from getting new patrons to become Mugsar Immortal Benefactors and sponsor a sign back here at the Mugsar which would garner a Finder's Commission 80% !!!.
More details will be added here.

Mugsar Careers / Internships / Volunteers

There are going to be lots of opportunities. Let us know what you have to offer or be the first one to setup a local MugsarFest Fundraiser and make a name for yourself.

Mugsar World Tour / Guest Speaker / Video Conferencing / Personal Tuition

Pete, Mugsar Founder, will reciprocate your support in any way possible.

Merchandising

Mugsar Clay Tablets - there will be customized tablets for benefactors see Immortalizer

Educational GameApp

The Mugsar GameApp will be a natural progression if we can find an altruistic programmer. It will make learning Sumerian Cuneiform fun, easy and of course, nifty. It will incorporate all kinds of exercises. For instance, scoring points depending on the time taken to find a particular sign, unicode, lemma, and translation.

Plan B - a PBL shows 'em all, and why education must change for the 121st Century It would be awesome if whiz kids nurtured at a PBL (Project Based Learning like at High Tech High San Diego) school pulled off the GameApp. Automatically making it internationally famous.

IPO

Every startup dreams of a successful IPO and cashing in stock options, especially a genuine epochal altruistic one that can give Menlo Park - Silicon Valley - Venture Capitalists something very rare in exchange, Immortality.
The idea is, every sponsorship dollar now would convert to stock options later. So not only do you get longterm benefit, immortality, but also a bonus in the shortterm. How long? Dare we entertain an IPO within 10 years. Historically, looking back, which would have deserved an IPO more in the 121st century, Facebook or Mugsar?

Mugsar Foundation

Last but not least, one day when we stumble onto a big benefactor we will have a Mugsar Foundation with a Board of Trustees (with one a blood descendant of the founder, of course) eternal guardianship to increase the chances of our shot at immortality.

Mugsar Tagline

Oldest Education Proverb (c. 7000CT / 5000 ya)

dub-sar eme-gi nu-mu-un-zu-a a-na-am₃ nam-dub-sar

What kind of a student is a student who does not know Sumerian?

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'education' true etymology = edub

Of course, the shame is not on the student, we all know where the social responsibility lies when we are talking about the oldest written language - the first schools, the founders of 'education' (indeed, the word's true etymology is clearly [Sumerian edub education true etymology mugsar] edub, 3000 years before Latin plagio). So we can just as easily substitute, "What kind of teacher / professor / dean / principal / chancellor / school / university / education department director / culture..."

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[MugsarSumerian Sponsor gif]

[twitter-button]

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How to use

For mobiles / small screens best viewed in landscape.
The Main Listings follow same order as the standard cuneiform unicode (alpha-numeric) column after column (why didn"t the powers that be just keep the codes sequentially all numeric?!). If you only have the sign try Major Lemma, then the QuickFinder Index.

First lemma (reading / syllable) after grapheme is usually the "sign name", sometimes the Sumerian name as well, as are any other readings / aliases after that. Gradually adding compounds. Cuneiform fonts have been replaced with jpg graphics because some tablets do not display them. Clearer shots of logograms will come eventually, for now use ScriptSource (click on first result for even bigger size) or Google Images (e.g. “unicode 120F6″).

And the Mugsar is proudly, and primarily, a Sumerian dictionary of the first writers, not Akkadian, Babylonian nor Hittite ones. So we pretty much are only interested in lemma that go back to at least Ur III (8000CT / 4000ya). Nor lemma that have 0x attestations. Again there are some great lexicons around but they include a big chunk of this latter stuff, when plagiarizing the Sumerians was in full swing. And don"t even show attestations, nor you know what… it's bad enough that there are no signs, but to think that much is not even Sterling-Sumerian, or rarely used, well.

You may notice with sign evolution, that it goes from the proto drawings to the cool Sumerian cuneiform, and then about 1000 years after them the fanastic pictures are lost through over simplification and the move to bland phonetic script. Who wants to look at that kind of dictionary. That's why we are proudly snobs of Mugsar!

MAIN LISTINGS

Numeric Unicode & A-Z Lemma [914]

12000 𒀀 A [vowel; 2329x] = water (plural only) | (mû) (most often complimented with MEŠ) | progeny, heir; [110x] a cry of woe, bemoan, (sigh of) wonder, groan (aya) | dur₅, duru₅ [227x]= (to be) soft; (to be) wet, moist, damp; irrigated; fresh | {𒀔 The Xxxxxx Family 12017CT}

𒀀

cpds [cpd ID2 i7 river canal 1086x] ID₂, i₇ [1086x] = river, canal | determinative &id₂; river names [cpd A-NA what 566x] a-na [566x] = what?; as much as [it takes] (math.)[~ + 1223ENA aux.] [cpd am3 copula to be variant 50x] am₃ = [50x]to be [copula variant cf. 12228; 12000 A progeny +1202DAN deity; True Etym. English 'am'] | šeg₃(šeg₃)[70x]= to (fall as) dew; to rain; rain

[cpd a-ba who 326x] a-ba [326x] = who [12000 A progeny +12040 BA share]

A Variants:

uQQ [uQQ AYA father 561x] a-a (aya) [561x] = father | cf. 1201C𒀜

12001 𒀁 A x A; 12002 𒀂 A x BAD; 12003 𒀃 A x GAN2 tenu;

12004 𒀄 A x HA | sa[h breve]₇ (Borger za[h breve]₃) [481x] = to disappear; to move away, withdraw; to stay away; (to be) lost; (to be) fugitive

12005 𒀅 A x IGI; 12006 𒀆 A x LAGAR gunu; 12007 𒀇 A x MUSH; 12008 𒀈 A x SAG

12009 𒀉 A₂, ID, TI₈, IDUM= [6115x] arm /limb; labor; wing; horn; side; strength; wage; power | time | [Evol.: shoulder + arm] | cpd [cpd ID-GURUM id-gur2 ladle 2026x]id-gurum(id-gur₂) [2026x] = ladle | [cpd A2-AN date spadix spike erection plus AN] AN, a₂-an [48x] = spadix (plant spike, erection)

1200A 𒀊 AB, IM₅ | = cosmic sea, window | AB.BA = ancestor | cpd [cpd ABZU abyss cosmic under water] ABZU = abyss [~ + 1236A ZU know] – Sumerian mythology: the world / earth was a disc and under was the abzu [label: True Etymology] |

cpd [cpd UNU unu6 banquet dining hall seat throne dwelling] UNU, unu₆ [1511x] = banquet; dining hall; the most sacred part of a temple; seat, throne; dwelling, domicile, abode; temple

AB Variants:

1200B 𒀋 ~ x ASH2; 1200C 𒀌 ~ x DUN3 gunu; 1200D 𒀍 ~ x GAL | irigal [OB]; 1200E 𒀎 ~ x GAN2 tenu; 1200F 𒀏 ~ x HA; 12010 𒀐 ~ x IGI gunu; 12011 𒀑 ~ x IMIN (5+2=7); 12012 𒀒 ~ x LAG~; 12013 𒀓 ~ x SHESH

12014 𒀔 AB x U + U + U | UNU, UNUG, ERI₁₁, AB x EŠ | [cpd uru-UNUG Uruk] ^URU UNUG(Sumerian)= Uruk

12015𒀕 AB gunu | ab₄,aba₄, gun₄, iri₁₁, unu, unug| cpd [cpd UR-IM2-ki Ur v1] URIM(Sumerian)= Ur (city) | unug,unu_{2 (}see unu₆ above 1200A)

12016 𒀖 AB₂ [5272x] = cow [cf. 121A8 𒆨 KISIM₅(with tail – sour milk)]

𒀖

AB₂ Variants:

12017 𒀗 ~ x BALAG;

12018𒀘 ~ x GAN2 tenu| šem₅ [14x]= a drum

12019 𒀙 ~ x ME +EN;

1201A𒀚 ~ x SHA3 | lipiš [40x] =inner body; heart; anger, rage | šem₃, ub₃ [15x] = a drum

1201B 𒀛 ~ x TAK4

1201C𒀜AD [36x] = father [cf. uQQ[uQQ AYA father 561x]aya (561x)] |ad [26x] voice; cry; noise | [13x] log; plank

cpd[cpd ad-da dad etym 178x] ad-da = father [ ~ + 12055 DA line (gen.)] | True Etym. “dad”

1201D 𒀝 AK(ag) [3643x] = to do; to make; to act, perform; to proceed,proceeding (math.)

cpd[cpd im-ak-a-bi revenge]im-ak-a-bi = revenge [1214E IM anger + 1201D AK to do

+ 12000 A bemoan + 12049 BI open]

[cpd mu-ak do] MU-AK = do (cooking) [1222C MU name, cook + 1201D AK do]

1201E 𒀞 AK x ERIN2 | me₃ [243x] = battle, combat

1201F 𒀟 AK x SHITA + GISH

12020 𒀠 AL [744x] = hoe / hoeing, pickax [tool; CVNE = compound verb nominal element]

AL Variants:

12021 𒀡 ~ x ~; 12022 𒀢 ~ x DIM2; 12023 𒀣 ~ x GISH; 12024 𒀤 ~ x HA; 12025 𒀥 ~ x KAD3; 12026 𒀦 ~ x KI; 12027 𒀧 ~ x SHE; 12028 𒀨 ~ x USH

12029 𒀩 ALAN, ALAM [399x] = statue, icon, form | (GUD/GUD).NA₂| cf. 1223F𒈿 Nu₂ lay, bed

1202A 𒀪 ALEPH [reconstructed (first) sign => "A" ??; cf. HI𒄭 sweet/good; ox (head)]

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1202B 𒀫 AMAR [2771x] = young, youngster, son, descendant; calf / young bull, chick | zur | cpd[cpd marduk amar-utu calf of the sun god]amar-utu =Marduk (bull calf of the sun god utu – northern hemisphere 12 day winter solstice celebration of his birthday, later plagarized by various cultures) [ ~ + 12313 utu sun]

1202C 𒀬AMAR x SHE (ŠE) = sacrifice, ritual

1202D 𒀭 AN, DIGIR (dingir) [1837x] = sky, god, goddess, deity, cosmic; heaven; upper; crown (of a tree) | determinative divine names &d; | plant spadix (spike) erection – see12009

1202E 𒀮 AN/AN;

1202F𒀯 AN x 3 | AN/AN.AN, mul [129x] = star; to shine, radiate (light); arrow; to radiate (branches)[Tara! (also in sanskrit)] | determinative ^&mul; stars / planets

cpd [cpd MUL-AN heavenly star 33x]mul-an [33x] = cosmic star [1202F MUL star + 1202D AN cosmic]

12030 𒀰 AN + NAGA OPP. AN + NAGA; 12031 𒀱 AN + NAGA sq

12032 𒀲 ANSHE / anše= [2957x] donkey, equid (hoofed mammals) | DUR₃, DUSU₂ | ANŠE+NUN+NA = mule | ANŠE+KUR+RA = horse | determinative donkey/horse names &ance;

12033 𒀳 APIN, ^GIŠapin (uru₄) [741x] = (seed) plow | uru₄ [359x] = sow, cultivate | ^LÚengar = farmer | àbsin = furrow (long shallow trench)

12034 𒀴 ARAD, ÌR (ir₃), níta, nita[h breve] = [269x] slave, servant

12035 𒀵ARAD₂ (ir₁₁) x KUR = [3028x] slave, servant [from the hinterland / mountain tribes]

[PLM] 𒀵Jaritz #668 "(male) slave". It is normally read as arad2 but it also reads ge24 for *gi24 which simply means "male"; and that the meaning "male" is derived from *gix, phallus, making gi24 *gî24.

12036 𒀶ARKAB | arkab₂ = [0x!] bird orbat | argab (GAR-IB)

12037 𒀷ASAL₂ | asal_x = [0x!] poplartree [PSD aliases: asar₂ ašar₂ (A.TU.GABA.LIŠ)]

12038 𒀸 ASH / AŠ [191x] = 1 (“1″ one numeric) | dili [227x]= (to be) single, unique, sole; (to be) alone

12039 𒀹 ASH ZIDA tenu; 1203A 𒀺 ASH KABA tenu

1203B 𒀻 ~/~ TUG2/TUG2 TUG2/TUG2 PAP

1203C 𒀼 ASHx3, ESH / EŠ = 3 (“3″ three numeric)

1203D 𒀽ASH/~/~ +-ing ~/~/~ | KASH / kaš₂(kas) = beer, alcohol [1344x] cf 12049

1203E 𒀾ASH₂ (út), aš₂ = curse [51x]

1203F 𒀿ASHGAB / AŠGAB [631x] = leather-worker

12040 𒁀BA = [839x]split; to divide into shares, share, halve, to allot; porridge; [26x]animal, marine creature; [11x]open, thresh | [19x] tool (cpd reed stylus)

[PLM]𒁀𒁀central line demarcating the gluteal cleft of the buttocks [True Etym. bum, butt-ocks], with the line extending below as a tail, to make its position on the anatomy clear cf. Inana L116[Jaritz #5]

cpd [cpd su8-ba -ES- shepherd 25x]su₈-ba (ES) [25x] = shepherd

[cpd ba-ni-in-dug4-ga more violent threshing about] ba-ni-in-dug₄-ga = more violent threshing about [12040 BA threshing + 1224C NI quiver + 12154 IN = abuse, rape + 12157 dug4 / KA = perform + 120B5 GA suckling, hold]

[cpd ba-ni-in-su-ub-ba more violent threshing about kissing sucking]ba-ni-in-su-ub-ba = kissing [12040 BA thresh about + 1224C NI quiver+ 12154 IN = abuse, rape + 122E2 SU submerge, flesh + 12312 UB praise, ruin]

12041 𒁁 𒁁 BAD, BE | [109x] (to be) remote; to open, undo | SUMUN, SUN = lú+bad = lord | munus+bad = lady | úš = death, destruction | reed stylus ?? cf. 12357 𒍗 uš₂ = die, kill; blood | cf. 12300 𒌀 TIL

12042 𒁂 BAG₃ ?? = qqq [numeric ??; ba-ga ?? | pag, bag, bak, pak, HU, 12137]

12043 𒁃 BAHAR₂ [315x] = potter

12044 𒁄 BAL, giš, ^gešbalak(^gešbalak,^gešbala,^gešbala) [31x] = spindle cf. 121B0𒆰 NUMUN seed

cpd [cpd balbale bal-bal-e literary subscript 34x] balbale (bal-bal-e) [34x] = literary subscript [~x2 + 1208A e speak]

12045 𒁅 BAL/BAL

12046 𒁆 BALAG [154x], DUB₂ = harp, large drum (instrument)

12047 𒁇 BAR [2579x] = outside, (other) side; behind; outer form, outer; fleece; outsider, strange; back, shoulder; liver; because of; to set aside; to cut open, slit, split | half; LÚ+MÁŠDA = poor man | MAŠD+TAB+BA = twin cf 12226 𒈦

12048 𒁈 BARA₂, barag = [423x] ruler, king; dais, seat;[52x] sack; a part of an animal's body;[7x] mix

12049 𒁉 BI / PI, KASH / kaš [13889x] = beer; alcoholic drink | determinative ^&kac; alcohol | (* True Etym. bi => beer); open [also 1203D 𒀽]

1204A 𒁊 ~ x A

1204B 𒁋 ~ x GAR | bappir₃ [385x] = an ingredient in beer-making

1204C 𒁌 ~ x IGI gunu

1204D 𒁍BU, GID₂ = [2252x] long, length | bur₁₂(bu) = to tear[189x; verb]

1204E 𒁎 ~/~ AB; 1204F 𒁏 ~/~ UN; 12050 𒁐 ~ +-ing ~

12051 𒁑 BULUG [56x] =needle; stake; boundary; seal pin

12052 𒁒 ~/~

12053 𒁓 BUR [85x] = (food) offering, sacrifice; meal(-time); (stone) bowl; a priest | bur [67x]= a unit of area; a unit of volume | cpd[cpd burgal BUR-GUL stone cutter 55x] burgul (BUR+GUL) = stone-cutter [55x]

12054 𒁔 BUR₂ = [78x] light; to glow, shine | bur₂ [176x] = to release, free; to reveal; to spread out, cover

12055 𒁕 DA, DAG [77x] = line (esp genealogy) | da =[479x]side, edge; vicinity | ^gešda(^gešda) = [13x]writing board | [PLM]𒁕 da side

cpd [cpd DAGGAN da-gan2 -sleeping- chamber 11x] DAGGAN, da-gan₂ [11x] = (sleeping) chamber [ ~ + 120F7 GAN field, area];

[cpd da-ga-na sleeping chamber]DA-GA_NA = lair [12055 DA lair + 120B5 GA suckling, hold + 1223E NA man, pestle, pounder]

12056 𒁖 DAG [46x] = dwelling

DAG KISIM₅ (121A8 sour milk [cow] + dwelling = diary farm??) Variants:

12057 𒁗 ~ x A + MASH; 12058 𒁘 ~ x AMAR;

12059 𒁙~ x BALAG; 1205A 𒁚 ~ x BI

1205B 𒁛 DAG-KISIM₅ x GA | akan, ubur = female breast, nipple

1205C 𒁜 ~ x GA + MASH; 1205D 𒁝 ~ x GI; 1205E 𒁞 ~ xGIR₂

1205F 𒁟 DAG-KISIM₅ x GUD | utul₅ = cow herd

12060 𒁠~ x HA; 12061 𒁡 ~~ x IR; 12062 𒁢 ~~ x IR + LU ;12063 𒁣 ~~ x KAK; 12064 𒁤 ~~ x LA; 12065 𒁥 ~~ x LU; 12066 𒁦 ~~ x LU + MASH2; 12067 𒁧 ~~ x LUM; 12068 𒁨 ~~ x NE; 12069 𒁩 ~~ x PAP + PAP; 1206A 𒁪 ~~ x SI; 1206B 𒁫 ~~ x TAK4; 1206C 𒁬 ~~ x U2 + GIR2; 1206D 𒁭 ~~ x USH

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1206E 𒁮 DAM [2104x] = wife, spouse

cpd [cpd nam-dam marriage 92x] nam-dam [92x] = marriage [12246 NAM determined order + ~]

[cpd e2-dam tavern] e₂-dam [10x] = tavern [1208D e₂ house + ~]

1206F 𒁯 DAR [402x] = to break up, crush, grind; to split, split up; to cut open | durah_x(dara₄)[410x] = wild goat, mountain goat | cf. 12071 below

12070 𒁰 DARA₃ ~ IBE_X |durah(dara₃)[89x] = wild goat, mountain goat | cf. 1206F

12071 𒁱 DARA₄ [43x] = (to be) red; (to be) brown; blood | cf. 1206F above

12072 𒁲 DI (de, did) [452x] = right, justice, law, lawsuit, trial; legal decision | cpd [cpd dikud judge 326x] di-kud = judge, judgement; lawsuit [ ~ + 122FB decide] | sa₂ (sá) [452x] = to equal, compare, compete, be equal to, rival; [91x] to tie (shoes); [46x] advice, counsel; resolution, intelligence | salim, silim [228x] = well-being; healthy, prosperity; completeness, favourable | syll.: ti₄

12073 𒁳DIB, DAB = GRASP | LU, UDU = sheep [cf 121FB]

12074 𒁴 DIM [38x] = post, pillar, pole; binding, knot, bond; plant

12075 𒁵 DIM x SHE / ŠE, DIM x KUR | MUN [427x] = salt; to be brackish; older ??

12076 𒁶 DIM₂ [2109x] = to create, make, manufacture; to replace?; to bring forth?

12077 𒁷 DIN [1x UNMNG – PSD: unknown/ED IIIb/Nippur...] cf. compound suffix – chariot, vegetable

12078 𒁸 DIN KASKAL U gunu DISH

12079 𒁹 DISH [5x!] = 1 (“1″ one numeric) | GEŠ₂[92x] = 60 sixty;| DIŠ (gè), GIŠ₂, NIGIDA

1207A 𒁺 DU [5868x] gin, ra₂, ri_6, gen (gen) = to go / come; [2789x] = to go; to flow | de₆ [1794x] / tum₂ [10x behind tum₃ 134x] = to bring / carry | GUB = stand

𒁺

cpd [cpd e3 UD-DU leave go out thread] e₃ (UD-DU) [1850x] = to leave, to go out; to thread, hang on a string; to remove, take away; to bring out; to enter; to bring in; to raise, rear (a child); to sow; to rave; to winnow; to measure (grain) roughly (with a stick); to rent [12313 UD sun + ~]

[cpd DU-NA go] gen-na = go [ ~ + 1223E pestle]

[cpd im-gen went] im-gen = went [1214E IM copula + ~]

[cpd a-ra2 times 4046x] a-ra2 [4046x] = times (with numbers, multiplication); ways; way; omen; step (math.) [12000 A progeny + ~]

1207B 𒁻 DU/DU; 1207C 𒁼 DU gunu

1207D 𒁽 DU sheshig / šešis, gir₅, KASH / kaš₄ (kas₄) [1089x] = runner, trotter, messenger; to run

1207E 𒁾 DUB [1183x] = (clay) tablet, document | kišib₃ kishib₃ [17468xxx!] = cylinder seal, sealed tablet

[PLM] 𒁾𒁾 Jaritz #239 "(brick/tablet) mold", and is recorded to mean "clay tablet", which is simply a "molded loaf" put to an intellectual rather than a constructional use; dub also recorded to read dubb(-)a (for *dûppâ), which would represent "molded (thing)" = "tablet/brick". Sumerian *dûp is also recorded for the meaning "heap/pile up, spread out mud to make bricks"

cf. 12229𒈩mes(meš₃), kišib black hero; 1231D𒌝 UM reed (stylus?) stem

cpds:

[cpd dub-sar scribe] dubsar [11320x] = scribe [1207E DUB tablet + 122AC SAR write] | True Etym.: English "dub" (to name; give higher standing; replace script / sound)

[cpd eduba e2-dub true etym edu-cation] eduba (e₂-dub) = education, school (Literature of Ancient Sumer, Jeremy Black, xxiv [Google Books]) True Etym., edu-cation [1208D e₂ house + 1207E (above) dub tablets {education = house of tablets}]

[twitter-button]

[cpd gi-dub-ba stylus] gi-dub-ba = reed tablet stylus [12100 GI reed stem + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA divide tool]

[how to write on clay Prof Hout2]

How to write on clay

[cpd bisag-dub-ba archivist 459x] bisag-dub-ba [450x] = archivist [ 120B7 bisag basket + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA divide tool]

[cpd dub-bala tablet-turn to go over an account 31x]dub-bala [31x] = to go over an account [ ~ + 12044 BAL spindle, turn]

[cpd nam-dub-sar scribe arts 16x] nam-dub-sar = [16x] scribe arts / craft [12246 NAM determined order; destiny + ~]

[cpd nam-dub-sar-ra-ni scribe arts var] nam-dub-sar-ra-ni = do. [+ verb aux.]

[cpd e2-dub-ba-a scribe school] e₂-dub-ba-a = scribe school [1208D e₂ school, house + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA allot, share + 12000 water, progeny]

1207F 𒁿 DUB x ESH2

12080 𒂀 DUB₂ [186x] = to tremble, make tremble; to push away, down; to smash, abolish

12081 𒂁 DUG [3196x] dug_x(BI), BI x A = (clay) pot; a unit of liquid capacity | determinative vessels &dug;

12082 𒂂 DUGUD [124x] = heavy, important

12083 𒂃 DUH [556x] / DU[H breve cap], DU, du₈ [2369x] = bake, to release, loose, loosen, undo, strip off; to spread out mud to make bricks; to caulk (filler, seal) TU[H breve cap], DU₈, GAB | GABA = breast | cf. 120EE same sign GABA = copy; equal

cpd [cpd mu-un-du8-du8 spread] mu-un-du₈-du₈ = stripped, made naked [1222C name, phallus + 12326 (KALAM = Sumer) + 120EE (/12083) du₈ (GABA) x2 strip off; spread; breast; equal [NB double emphasis on strip / ravage]]

12084 𒂄DUN [32x] = to dig

12085 𒂅 DUN3, GIN₂, TUN₃ = cover | cpd sag-DUN₃ [447x] = land recorder;du₅-mu = apprentice (ES) [after 12309 dumu]

12086𒂆 DUN3 gunu | gig₄(gin₂) [18136x] = unit of weight, shekel (see 122BA "SHE"); a unit of area; a unit of volume | gel / kel, aga₃

cpd [cpd aga3-kar2 conqueror 5x]aga₃-kar₂ [5x] = conqueror [ ~ + uQQ kar₂ insult, blow up, light]

12087 𒂇 DUN₃ gunu gunu

12088 𒂈 DUN₄, DUL₄, ŠUDUN₃, ŠUDUL₃, URgunû šešig, MIRšešig = yoke | mir (mer) [347x] = north wind; north; storm

12089 𒂉 DUR₂ [98x] = backside 𒂉 rump, butt-ocks; defile, cleft[cpd suffix e.g. wooden ledger board] | cf. 121AA 𒆪

cpd [cpd dur2-bi-she3 rump] dur₂-bi-še₃ = rump [12089 backside + 12049 BI open + 12365 še₃ string (cf. loincloth)]

1208A 𒂊 E [vowel; 399x] = to speak | perfect plural and imperfect stem of "dug"; princely | interjection marker; fear, aura

1208B 𒂋 E x PAP

1208C 𒂌 E/E NUN/NUN

1208D 𒂍 E₂ [13124x] = house, household; temple; station (of the moon)?; room; house-lot; estate | determinative &e₂; buildings / rooms names

cpd [cpd E-GAL palace]É.GAL = palace [ ~ + 120F2 GAL big]

[cpd E-A-NI temple] e-a-ni = temple [ ~ + aux a-ni: "12000 A wonder + 1224C NI timelessness"]

E₂ Variants:

1208E 𒂎 ~ x A + HA + DA; 1208F 𒂏 ~ x GAR; 12090 𒂐 ~ x MI;

12091 𒂑 ~ x SAL; 12092 𒂒 ~ x SHE; 12093 𒂓 ~ x U

12094 𒂔 EDIN / EDEN, bir₄ = steppe, open country; back [True Etymology Dictionary: 2000 years before religio Eden myths; note also Eridu] | [cpd subir city] Subir

12095 𒂕 EGIR, egir(egir, eger) [393x] = back, rear; after; estate, inheritence; again

12096 𒂖 EL, SIKIL [457x] = pure | cf. 122DB 𒋛 SI = horn [cuneus + horny = pure]

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

12097 𒂗 EN [1480x] = lord / master / rulers of (abbrev. for) Sumer | [7739x] = priest

major cpd [cpd KI-EN-GI Sumer 2] KI-EN-GI = Sumer [121A0 KI cosmic + 12097 EN lord + 12100 GI {not gir₁₅! see notes}] [ETCSL ex: Poem Išme-Dagan (c.2.5.4.01), line c25401.A.364]

[cpd gan-eb-us2-en join] [h breve e2]-eb-us₂-en = protection from the rulers of Sumer (your black brothers – Inana & Šukaletuda c133.233) [120F6 [h breve e2] be he + 12141 IB oval + 12351 us₂ lean on + 12097 EN rulers of Sumer]

E₂ Variants:

12098 𒂘 EN x GAN₂ BURU_14, BAR₈, SULLIM | buru₁₄, = [206x] harvest, summer

12099 𒂙 EN x GAN2 tenu; 1209A 𒂚 EN x ME; 1209B 𒂛 EN +-ing EN;

1209C 𒂜 EN opp EN; 1209D 𒂝 EN sq

1209E 𒂞 EREN [213x] = cedar

1209F 𒂟 ERIN₂, erin₂(erem, eren₂, erim) [2722x] = people, troops | ZALAG₂; PIRIG | giš+érin = scales | érin+meš = troops, military unit | cpd [cpd GURUM2 inspection provisions 726x]gurum₂ [726x] = inspection, provisions [12146 IGI eye + ~]

120A0 𒂠ESH₂(EŠ ~ bà), gir₁₅ [7x! little as used] = native, local | cf. 1222A 𒈪 gi₆[7223x] = black ~ giving ki.en.gi …Seems like some elites (incl those that control Wakipedia!) don"t want to emphasize ki.en.gi = black Sumerians (are smarter because "the reed stylus is mightier than the sword", see 12100 gi) — they use instead non-Sumerian, little used (see notes), Babylonian 120A0 gir subscript number 15 no less, which is really "flour" 12365 𒍥 zi₃ [7223x!] which such types, incl. University of Pennsylvania's PSD relegates / obscures in italics as 𒍥

..

[12401]𒐁eš₆ = “3″ [numeric list]

120A1 𒂡 EZEN (EZEM) [1136x] = festival;walled area?? | IZIN, KEŠDA | šir₃, sir₃ [150x]= sing, song, epic

EZEN Variants:

120A2 𒂢 ~ x A; 120A3 𒂣 ~ x A + LAL; 120A4 𒂤 ~ x A + LAL x LAL; 120A5 𒂥 ~ x AN

120A6 𒂦 EZEN x BAD, UG₅, BAD₃ = wall, fortification

120A7 𒂧 ~ x DUN3 gunu; 120A8 𒂨 ~ x DUN3 gunu gunu; 120A9 𒂩 ~ x HA; 120AA 𒂪 ~ x HA gunu; 120AB 𒂫 ~ x IGI gunu; 120AC 𒂬 ~ x KASKAL | sud₅ = purify; 120AD 𒂭 ~ x KASKAL sq; 120AE 𒂮 ~ x KU3; 120AF 𒂯 ~ x LA; 120B0 𒂰 ~ x LAL x LAL; 120B1 𒂱 ~ x LI; 120B2 𒂲 ~ x LU; 120B3 𒂳 ~ x U2; 120B4 𒂴 ~ x UD

..120B5 𒂵 GA = [4425x] suckling (cow), young | ga (ES) [1794x]= to bring / carry | gur₁₁ = heap up | cf.120FC 𒃼GA = knob, unit measurement

True Etym. – "galaxy" – "gala = milk" – 120B5 GA clearly depicts a cow; also cpd [cpd GAL4-LA cuneus] gal₄-la = procreating female parts; also 120F2 GAL big, great

cpd [cpd ga-na come on exclam 25x] ga-na, gana[25x]= come on! [~ + 1223E NA aux]

120B6 𒂶 GA gunu

120B7 𒂷 GA₂ (ga_{2 /} gá), mal, bisag / bisag[704x] (pisan) = basket | [208x] place [#2 behind 120FB 𒃻 2500x ] | ga₂ (ga₂) [67x] = house | PLM: shallow dish; jaw?? [pregnant??]

GA₂ Variants:

120B8 𒂸 ~ x A + DA + HA; 120B9 𒂹 ~ x A + HA;

120BA 𒂺 ~ x A + IGI; 120BB 𒂻 ~ x AB2 tenu + TAB

120BC 𒂼 GA₂ x AN, | ama = [863x] mother (goddess) | [PLM: maternal love - True Etym. cf. Latin ama-re / amor] | ama-lu | AMA-AN-MUŠ₃ | dagal [745x] = (to be) wide / broad; width, breadth

120BD 𒂽 ~ x ASH; 120BE 𒂾 ~ x ASH2 + GAL; 120BF 𒂿 ~ x BAD ; 120C0 𒃀 ~ x BAR + RA; 120C1 𒃁 ~ x BUR; 120C2 𒃂 ~ x BUR + RA; 120C3 𒃃 ~ x DA; 120C4 𒃄 ~ x DI; 120C5 𒃅 ~ x DIM x SHE; 120C6 𒃆 ~ x DUB; 120C7 𒃇 ~ x EL; 120C8 𒃈 ~ x EL + LA; 120C9 𒃉 ~ x EN; 120CA 𒃊 ~ x EN x GAN2 tenu; 120CB 𒃋 ~ x GAN2 tenu; 120CC 𒃌 ~ x GAR; 120CD 𒃍 ~ x GI; 120CE 𒃎 ~ x GI4; 120CF 𒃏 ~ x GI4 + A; 120D0 𒃐 ~ x GIR2 + SU; 120D1 𒃑 ~ x HA + LU + ESH2; 120D2 𒃒 ~ x HAL; 120D3 𒃓 ~ x HAL + LA; 120D4 𒃔 ~ x HI + LI; 120D5 𒃕 ~ x HUB2; 120D6 𒃖 ~ x IGI gunu; 120D7 𒃗 ~ x ISH + HU + ASH; 120D8 𒃘 ~ x KAK; 120D9 𒃙 ~ x KASKAL; 120DA 𒃚 ~ x KID; 120DB 𒃛 ~ x KID + LAL; 120DC 𒃜 ~ x KU3 + AN; 120DD 𒃝 ~ x LA; 120DE 𒃞 ~ x ME + EN; 120DF 𒃟 ~ x MI ; 120E0 𒃠 ~ x NUN

120E1 𒃡 GA₂ x NUN/NUN = beam | UR₃[282x]= to shut; protection

120E2 𒃢 GA₂ x PA, SILA₄, GAZI = lamb

120E3 𒃣 GA₂ x SAL; 120E4 𒃤 ~ x SAR

120E5 𒃥 GA₂ x SHE, ESAG₂, = store, warehouse

120E6 𒃦 GA₂ x SHE + TUR; 120E7 𒃧 ~ x SHID; 120E8 𒃨 ~ x SUM; 120E9 𒃩 ~ x TAK4; 120EA 𒃪 ~ x U; 120EB 𒃫 ~ x UD; 120EC 𒃬 ~ x UD + DU; 120ED 𒃭 ~/~

..

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

120EE 𒃮 GABA, TU[H breve cap], du₈ = [821x] breast, chest; frontier; [proudly display] | copy; equal |[3x] a designation of sheep | cf. 12083 same sign = release; spread

cpds [cpd GABA-RI copy equal 563x] gaba-ri [563x] = copy; equal [ ~ + 12291 RI = lay down]

[cpd im-mi-du8 spread] im-mi-du₈ = proudly display [1214E IM wind, mood, is (copula) + 1222A MI black + 120EE (/12083) du₈ (GABA); spread]

120EF 𒃯 GABA +-ing GABA

120F0 𒃰 GAD (KAD) [633x] = linen, flax (plant fibre that is made into a thread and woven) cf. 𒉠 MURUB₂

120F1 𒃱 GAD/GAD GAR/GAR

120F2 𒃲 GAL [6612x] = big, great 𒃲

True Etym. – "galaxy" [even if you take the 'gala = milk' line, then we have 120B5 𒂵 GA (sign clearly depicting a big cow) and cpd [cpd GAL4-LA cuneus] gal₄-la = procreating female parts

120F3 𒃳 GAL GAD/GAD GAR/GAR

120F4 𒃴 GALAM, SUKUD [227x] = height, altitude

120F5 𒃵 GAM = down, below | gurum, gur₂ [138x] = to bend, curve, wrap around; to bow; to roll up; to curb, restrain; to watch over | cpd [cpd ID-GURUM id-gur2 ladle 2026x]id-gurum(id-gur₂) [2026x] = ladle

120F6 𒃶 GAN / KAN [12x] = bear young; child-bearing [HO.GAN!] | he₂ ([h breve e2])[8x]= be (it / he / she) | be₂ [52x #2 behind e] = perfect plural and imperfect stem of "dug"

cpd[cpd DA-GAN toatlity assembly band 2x]DA-GAN [2x] = totality; assembly; band [12055 DA line (esp genealogy) + ~]

[cpd he2-em to be] [h breve e2]-em = to be [ ~ + 1214E IM to be]

[cpd he2-gal2 plenty 300x]he₂-gal₂[300x] = plenty [ ~ + 12145 gal₂ lay down]

PLM / True Etym.𒃶 orig. 𒃶 reed jug over a waist with two legs", indicating a "reed jug being carried, "pointed-thing" = "reed" [Jaritz #271] … so can also be interpreted as "carrying/storing a basket-like/womb"; and with this interpretation reads GAN, "bear young"

From this Sumerian GAN / KAN cf. Greek kánna, "reed, cane"… Latin canna, "reed, cane, type of vessel", almost certainly the reverse process took place for the meaning "reed, cane";… the source of canna … "jug"… "pointed-thing-tool" = "(pointed, carrying) jug, amphora", seen in Greek kántharos, "drinking cup" … "jug", seen clearly in Frankish cannada, "jug" … reeds were hollow, and could be used for jugs by merely cutting off a section sealed naturally at the bottom…

cpd[cpd ul4-he2 or GAN firmament vault of the sky]ul₄-he₂[1x but 7000CT/3000plagio] = firmament, vault of the sky[12109ul₄ early; terror + 120F6 he₂ open]an

120F7 𒃷 GAN2 / GAN₂, IKU = field, unit of area | determinative &iku; surface measurement

120F8 𒃸 ~ tenu | kar₂ [55x] = to insult, slander | [cpd kar2 kar2 blow light up shine rise 52x] GAN2tenu- GAN2tenu, kar_2- kar₂ [52x] = to blow; to light up, shine; to rise

120F9 𒃹 ~/~; 120FA 𒃺 ~ +-ing ~

..

120FB 𒃻 GAR, NINDA [11296x] = bread, pastry, baked, food – determinative ^&ninda; bread / baked items | cf. less common12252 𒉒 NINDA₂ | gar(gar) [2505x] = place, to put, lay down; to give in place of something, replace; to posit (math.) | nig₂(nig₂) [1641x] = thing, possesion; something | nindan (ninda) [149x] = pole; unit of length; 12 ?? | ŠA₂, | LIMMU = 4 | cf. 122E9

120FC 𒃼 GAR₃ [31x] = knob; a unit of measurement cf 120B5𒂵young suckling

120FD 𒃽 GASHAN / GAŠAN = unit of area: one GAŠAN = 10 BÙRU (648000 m²) | Ugunû, BUR₃gunû = lady, mistress

120FE 𒃾GESHTIN / geštin(geštin) [796x] = vine; wine|GIŠ+DIN; giš.geštin

120FF 𒃿 ~ x KUR

[various] GE | 1230B 𒌋 ge₁₄;12038 𒀸 ge₁₅, sagtak(santak);12079 𒁹ge₃, sagtak₄(santak₄);1203A 𒀺ge₂₂, santak₂;12039 𒀹ge₂₃, santak₃ = stylus cuneus; (piece of) writing, copy, exemplar, written; blow; wound | 122B9 𒊹| True Etym.: tack, small nail [sag ~ = 12295 headed (tack)]

12100 𒄀 GI (ge) = [4900x] reed (stylus), [place of reeds / reed stylus => writing => knowledge => power (KI-EN-GI / Sumer – Tigris Euphrates delta ...see note)], cane, tube | gin₆(gi, gen₆) [924x] = (to be) permanent; to confirm, establish (in legal contexts), verify; (to be) true; a quality designation; medium quality | ke₂ | determinative reed names ^&gi;

^..

Many historians and anthropologists provide strong circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq's Ma'dan (Marshland) people share very strong links to the ancient Sumerians – the most ancient inhabitants of southern Iraq… [Waki]

Studies show that Marsh Arabs have a high concentration of Haplogroup J1[mainly North Africa] for males.

See Genetic footprints of Sumerians in Iraq Marshlands (pdf).

Also see lively discussion here.

IAE, the reed stylus did come from the Marshlands:

[Marshland people of sthn Iraq]

Major cpds

[cpd KI-EN-GI Sumer 2] KI-EN-GI = Sumer [121A0 KI cosmic + 12097 EN lord + 12100 GI {not gir₁₅! see notes}]

[ETCSL ex: Poem Išme-Dagan (c.2.5.4.01), line c25401.A.364]

[cpd eme-gi tongue language 23x]eme-gi [23x cf ~gir₁₅ 9x] = Sumerian language[12174 EME language + 12100 GI reed / write]

[cpd gi-dub-ba stylus] gi-dub-ba = reed tablet stylus [12100 GI reed stem + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA divide tool]

12101 𒄁 GI x E; 12102 𒄂 ~ x U

12103𒄃 ~ +ing GI| GILIM, gi₁₆ = to lie across; to be entwined [together]; to entwine, twist; rope of twined reeds; to block; (to be) difficult to understand | gel / kel

cpd [cpd gi16-il entwined] gi₁₆-il = entwined (high up); foliage, forest

[cpd gel-le-eg3 ENG3 bad evil forsake after halam]gel-le-eg₃(ES) = (to be) bad, evil; to forsake, forget; to destroy

[ES = emisal – female Sumerian]

12104 𒄄 GI₄ [1485x] = to turn, return; to go around; to change status; to return (with claims in a legal case); to go back (on an agreement)

cpd [cpd IM-MA-IGI-IN-GI4 return leering eye] im-ma-ši-in-gi₄ = return leering eye [1214E IM mud, storm + 12220 MA approach + 12146 IGI watch + 12154 IN abuse + 12104 gi₄ return]

𒄄𒄄gi₄-gi₄ = conversation (replies); jewellry; diviner (hidden knowledge)

[cpd mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4 return]mu-na-ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄ = reply, advise, to and fro, conversation [1222C MU year, dear, name, son + 1223E NA pestle + 1224C NI comes to pass + 12141 IB oval + ~ x2; ETCSL c133.231]

[cpd im-dab6-gi4-gi4 turn around] im-dab₆-gi₄-gi₄ = turning round and round [1214E IM mood, (copula) 1234F dab₆ go around, + 12104 gi₄ x2 turn, go around, return, change status; gi₄ x 2 therefore:'turn round and round' ??]

12105 𒄅 ~/~; 12106 𒄆 ~ +-ing ~

12107 𒄇 GIDIM [45x] = ghost

12108 𒄈 GIR₂, giš, gír [198x] = knife, dagger, razor, sword | ul₄.gal = sword

12109 𒄉 ~ gunu | ul₄ [39x] = to hasten, (be) quick; (to be) early | ul₄ [12x] = terror | át=GÍRgunû [syll.]

PLM𒄉 depicts a "cocoon" => "surround" [Jaritz #11]

1210A 𒄊 GIR₃, | giri3 (giri3) [10822x] = foot; path; via, by means of, under the authority of someone |

cpd [cpd HUSH furious angry reddish ruddy 435x] huš (hush) [435x] = furious, angry; (to be) reddish, ruddy

1210B 𒄋 ~ x A + IGI; 1210C 𒄌 ~ x GAN2 tenu; 1210D 𒄍 ~ x IGI;

1210E 𒄎 ~ x LU + IGI; 1210F 𒄏 ~ x PA

12110 𒄐 GISAL | ^gešgisal(^gešgisal) [19x] = rudder, oar; a roof part

12111 𒄑GISH, GIŠ, GEŠ = tree, wood | giš.mi / gissu = shade [ ^giš= determinative &jic; before wooden objects]

12112 𒄒 ~ +-ing ~; 12113 𒄓 ~ x BAD

12114 𒄔 ~ x TAK4; 12115 𒄕 ~ tenu

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

12116 𒄖 GU [1850x] = cord, net; unretted flax stalks; backside

12117 𒄗 ~ +-ing ~

12118 𒄘 GU₂, TIK | gun₂(gu₂) / talent [5551x] = unit of weight (1 mina = 60 shekels. 1 talent = 60 mina); load; yield; rent, tax, tribute | [753x] = (river) bank; side; neck

12119 𒄙 GU₂ x KAK, DUR = strip

1211A 𒄚 GU₂ x KAK x IGI gunu

1211B 𒄛 ~ x NUN; 1211C 𒄜 ~ x SAL + TUG2; 1211D 𒄝 ~ gunu

1211E 𒄞 GUD [17947x], gu₄ = bull, ox; cattle; calf; lion | determinative ^&gud; cattle names

𒄞

1211F 𒄟 GUD x A + KUR

12120 𒄠 GUD x KUR, AM | ^GU₄AM = wild bull | ^UDUAM = wild ram

12121 𒄡 GUD/GUD LUGAL

12122 𒄢 GUL [518x], SUN₂ = smite, break, to destroy; to break; to flatten; to carve, cut; to engrave

cf. [cpd im-gu-lu-u8-a-bi destroy] im-gu-lu-u₈-a-bi = stirred up (to destroy) [1214E IM anger + 12116 GU backside + 121FB LU stirred up + 121C7 U₈ Oh! + 12000 A bemoan + 12049 BI open]

12123 𒄣 GUM [18x] = to crush | cf. 12252 𒉒

12124 𒄤GUM x SHE. GAZ, GAS = kill, slay

12125 𒄥 GUR [27945x!] = capacity unit (c.300 litres), measuring vessel | ŠE.GUR.E ??

12126 𒄦 GUR₇ [14x] = harvest, summer

12127 𒄧 GURUN = fruit ??

12128 𒄨 GURUSH / guruš (guruš) [9902x] = male, young adult male; able-bodied worker | cf. 12197𒆗 powerful; rare

12129 𒄩 HA / [H breve cap]A | KU₆ = fish

1212A 𒄪 ~ tenu; 1212B 𒄫 ~ gunu

1212C 𒄬 HAL = [55x] divide, deal out, distribute; to perform an extispicy [shaman fortune readings of organs of sacrificed animals]; to open; a secret; to pour away; to sieve; to slink, crawl away; a qualification of grain .. cpd HAL-HA ~ + 12129 fish | stick; disease; crotch

1212D 𒄭 HI [2735x] [h breve i hi] [pron.throaty h] [H breve cap]I ([h breve]a4), TÍ (dí), [H breve cap]I ([h breve e he]) = mix | dug₃(du₁₀) [1587x] = (to be) good, good thing, goodness, sweet | dub₃ [55x] = knee | cf. [uQQ HUL HULU bad 13901x] hul, hulu [13901x; uQQ] = bad

cpd [cpd dug3-ga good] dug₃-ga = good [ ~ + 120B5 GA suckling, carry]

[cpd dub3-nir ejaculate] dub₃-nir = emit [1212D dub₃ knee + nir winnow]

[cpd hi vegetable lettuce] hi(-iz)^sar [18x] = vegetable [ ~ + 122AC ^{SAR determ.} garden]

HI Variants:

1212E 𒄮 HI x ASH

1212F 𒄯 HI x ASH2 (AŠ₂) | ur₅ [1215x] = interest-bearing loan; debt; requital, favour | ur₅ [190x] = he; that, this same; maid, female slave; one; corresponding (to one another); like (one another) | AR₃, KÍN, MUR | [H breve cap]AR = ring | [H breve cap]UR = thick | [H breve cap]UR+SAG = mountain

12130 𒄰 HI x BAD; 12131 𒄱 ~ x DISH; 12132 𒄲 ~ x GAD; 12133 𒄳 ~ x KIN;

12134 𒄴 ~ x NUN | A[H breve cap] (a[h breve] e[h breve] i[h breve] u[h breve]);

12135 𒄵HI x (SHE)ŠE | dubur = horizon

12136 𒄶 ~ x U

12137 𒄷 HU ([h breve]u), mušen = bird | determinative ^&mucen; after bird names | bird laying egg, 𒄷 see 122DB

12138 𒄸 HUB2 / [H breve cap]UB₂ [3x] = foot | HUBI [7x] = acrobat | left cf 1218F KAB, GAB₂, GUB₃ [CVNE = compound verb nominal element]

12139 𒄹 HUB2 x AN; 1213A 𒄺 HUB2 x HAL; 1213B 𒄻 HUB2 x KASKAL;

1213C 𒄼 HUB2 x LISH; 1213D 𒄽 HUB2 x UD

..

1213E 𒄾 HUL₂ / [H breve cap]UL₂, hul₂ [347x] = joy .. cpd [cpd shag4-hul2 happy 189x] šag₄-hul₂(ša₃-hul₂) [189x] = to be happy [122AE heart + ~]| ukuš₂ [39x] = cucumber

1213F 𒄿 I (vowel) | IA = “5” [five numeric] | [5x] hey!|[PLM]The ultimate basal meaning is "set of eyes"; and from it, the prototypical "pair", which, of course, is wholly arbitrary in view of "two hands/legs, etc.". Its use for "many" is probably an extension of the idea of a naturally occurring "set", regardless of the specific number: here, "five (fingers)"…

cpd [cpd i-bi2 5 n fire eye carved eye 50x]i-bi₂[50x behind igi 1082x] = eye, (prob esp) carved eye (for statues)

[1240A] 𒐊Í, IÁ, IA₂ = 5, 300; 12140 𒅀 I A

12141 𒅁 IB = [108x]oval; [0x]profession

12142 𒅂 IDIM = blocked, heavy, spring (underground water) ??

12143 𒅃 ~/~ BUR; 12144 𒅄 ~/~ sq

12145 𒅅 IG [88x] door| gal_{2 /} gal₂ [3954x]= to be (there, at hand, available); to exist; to put, place [/class ?? cf. mi-iq-tum (miqtum, mi-gal₂-tum) = social class], lay down; to havecf. copula |

cpd[cpd im-mi-gal2 placed]im-mi-gal₂ = classified [1214E IM mood, is (copula) + 1222A MI black (high) + 12145 gal₂ place, class]

12146 𒅆 IGI [1133x], ŠI, LIM = eye, vision, watch, notice; carved eye (for statues) | igi [3906x] = first, earlier; front; face | True Etym.: ig-no-re / ig-no-rant (not know/see) <= ig(i) + 12261 nu no .. IGI is an awesome cuneiform design by an unknown scribe (appearing on tablets over 5000 ya), one of our eReader Top 5, and the sound / reading too, obviously would have caught the eye of plariarists down the millennia; there's also something fishy about our "I" and "eye" (sound and arrangement of letters).

cpds

[cpd GURUM2 inspection provisions 726x]gurum₂ [726x] = inspection, provisions [ ~ + 1209F ERIN₂ people, troops]

pad₃ (reveal) cpds

[cpd pad3 pa3 find nmae nominate 2313x]pad₃ [2313x] = to find, discover; to name, nominate [~ + 12292 RU fall; throw]

[cpd mu-un-pad3-da reveal to the people] mu-un-pad₃-da = revealed to the people [1222C MU name + 12326 UN (KALAM = Sumer) + ~ + 12055 DA writing board]

[cpd ga-ra-pad3-pad3 thresh out] ga-ra-pad₃-pad₃ = like threshing grain will be revealed [120B5 GA bring + 1228F RA thresh + cpd pad₃ reveal x2]

[cpd ga-mu-ni-pad3 find reveal] ga-mu-ni-in-pad₃ = find (esp revenge) [120B5 GA carry + 1222C MU name + 1224C NI in the end + pad₃ find]

[cpd nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3-de3 could not find] nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad₃-de₃ = in all the lands could not find rapist (of Inana) [12261 NU not + 1231D UM approach, disease + 12220 MA land; approach + 1224C NI in time+ 12154 IN abuse, rape (rapist + pad₃ find + 12248 de₃ carry]

uQQ [uQQ HUL HULU bad 13901x] HUL, HULU [13901x] = bad, to destroy; (to be) bad-smelling, maloderous; (to be) bad, evil; (to be) slight, lightweight; (to be) false; (to be) criminal, dishonest; enemy; to raid; to strike the eyes; blinker

12147 𒅇 IGI DIB | U₃, Ù [6341x] = and; but; also | LIBIR = sleep, dream

cpd [cpd lu2-u3 other him and] lu₂-u₃ = other; man and [121FD lu₂ man / him + 12147 u₃ and]

12148 𒅈 IGI RI | ar [syll.]; 12149 𒅉 ~/~ SHIR/SHIR UD/UD

1214A 𒅊IGIgunû, SIG₇ = 10000 ; [62x] class of worker; [48x] to pluck hair or wool;(to be) trimmed, pruned

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1214B 𒅋IL = to be(come) high

1214C 𒅌 IL x GAN2 tenu

1214D 𒅍 IL₂= [1362x] to raise, carry; (collect); [2x] worker; [0x] tax

1214E 𒅎 IM [680x] = clay, mud; tablet | determinative ^&im; made of clay | tumu, tum₉ [49x] = wind | determinative ^&tum9; winds | [48x] rain, storm (/ steaming anger)- [weather / mood] | [73x] em = to be (is / was) copula variant cf 12228 | ni₂

𒅎 𒅎 A curious development from EME [12174 tongue] "voice-emit" = "make a sound" is found in Jaritz #721, which depicts a "sail with rigging" [cf. harbinger for antenna, radio signal] and reads *îm(i) (for *îm(i)); it means "wind, storm-wind"; i.e. "moaning (of the wind), pars pro toto" [a part (taken) for the whole]. Strong support for this analysis is furnished by another meaning attached to this sign: "fear"; this is understandable for "moaning" but not for simply "wind" or "storm(-wind)". "Moaning" has attracted the reading ni₂ [1224E𒉎] "be afraid", "fear", which represents "snivel-stative-like" = "sniveling" = "fear".

cpd [cpd IN-MA-NI-IN-SU-UB sexual kissing sucking licking] im-ma-ni-in-su-ub = kissing [1214E IM storm + 12220 MA flow + 1224C NI quiver + 122E2 SU submerge, flesh + 12312 UB praise, ruin]

[cpd IM-TE-A-NI him her -self]im-te-a-ni = himself / herself

1214F𒅏 IM x TAK4 | kid₇ [6x] = cut; break off; pinch off; scratch; demolish | cf. uQQ kid₂= [1.] do., ~ [4.]

12150 𒅐 ~ +-ing ~;

12151 𒅑 ~ opp ~ [??1224E ni₂]; 12152 𒅒 ~ sq

12153 𒅓 IMIN [31x] = “7″ (5+2) [seven numeric]

12154 𒅔 IN [31x] = abuse, rape | gir₁₂

cpd [cpd urud determ ha-zi-in axe Nergal] hazin (^urudha-zi-in/ ^urudaha-zi-in) [128x] = axe [determ 1234F + 12129 HA fish + 12363 ZI raise + ~] See Nergal's Axe c573.4

[Nergal axe tablet s]

12155 𒅕 IR, GAGgunû = plead, ask; divinate; perfume ?? | DIG = soft [6x] | cf. 1224C 𒉌 NI oil

𒅕

12156 𒅖 ISH (iš) [15x] = mountain; summer | kuš₇(šuš₃) [1587x]= high official, bureaucrat, civil servant

12157 𒅗 KA (gù) | KAG₂ [1329x] = mouth | du₁₁, dug₄ [3878x]=speak- to speak, talk, say; to order; to do, perform [cpd: 12351 + dug₄ = mating]; to negotiate| gu₃, kir₄ | inim (enim)[1329x] = word; matter (of affairs), thing | zú / zu₂ = tooth; chew | kiri = nose

𒅗

cpd [cpd dug4-ga-gu10 fuk] dug₄-ga-gu₁₀ = mating [12157 dug4 / KA = perform + 120B5 ga suckling, carry + 1222C gu₁₀ (MU) dear, name, son, phallus, year]

[cpd dug4-ga-ni screw]dug₄-ga-ni = mating

[cpd zu2-keshda compiler cutting edge n bind Enheduanna] zu₂-kešda = compiler, organizer [12157 zu₂ cutting edge + 1219F kešda bind, organize]

"...The compiler of the tablets is Enheduana.
'My king, something has been created that no one has created before.'"
[see Dedicaton]
etcsl.orinst.ox...c4801.543

KA Variants:

12158 𒅘 KA x A, nag / nag [400x]= to drink

12159 𒅙 KA x AD; 1215A 𒅚 ~ x AD + KU3; 1215B 𒅛 ~ x ASH2; 1215C 𒅜 ~ x BAD |uš₁₁ = poison [OB]; 1215D 𒅝 ~ x BALAG | šeg_{11 [OB]}; 1215E 𒅞 ~ x BAR; 1215F 𒅟 ~ x BI;

12160 𒅠 ~ x ERIN2 | syll.: mè | cf. 12128 copula, [uQQ me3 battle combat 243x]me₃ = battle

12161 𒅡 ~ x ESH2; 12162 𒅢 ~ x GA | sub [11x #2 behind su-ub] = suck; rub; 12163 𒅣 ~ x GAL

12164 𒅤 KA x GAN2 tenu | PÙ / pu₃ (bù) [21x] = mouth

12165 𒅥 KA x GAR, GU₇ [1672x] (KU₂)= to eat

PLM: 𒅥 𒅥

12166 𒅦 ~ x GAR + SHA3 + A; 12167 𒅧 ~ x GI; 12168 𒅨 ~ x GIR2; 12169 𒅩 ~ x GISH + SAR; 1216A 𒅪 ~ x GISH +-ing GISH; 1216B 𒅫 ~ x GU; 1216C 𒅬 ~ x GUR7; 1216D 𒅭 ~ x IGI

1216E 𒅮 KA x IM, BUN₂ = thunder, thunderstorm

1216F 𒅯 KA x KAK, KIR₁₄ = nose

12170 𒅰 ~ x KI; 12171 𒅱 ~ x KID; 12172 𒅲 ~ x LI; 12173 𒅳 ~ x LU

12174 𒅴 KA x ME [mouth x 12228ME to be] | EME [178x] = tongue, language [cf. True Etym. eme => phon-eme]

cpd[cpd eme-gi tongue language 23x]eme-gi [23x cf ~gir₁₅ 9x] = Sumerian language [12174 EME language + 12100 GI reed / write]

..

12175 𒅵 ~ x ME + DU; 12176 𒅶 ~ x ME + GI; 12177 𒅷 ~ x ME + TE;

12178 𒅸 ~ x MI; 12179 𒅹 ~ x MI + NUNUZ; 1217A 𒅺 ~ x NE

1217B 𒅻 KA x NUN, NUNDUM } = lip, rim | SU₆ = bread

1217C 𒅼 ~ x PI; 1217D 𒅽 ~ x RU; 1217E 𒅾 ~ x SA; 1217F 𒅿 ~ x SAR; 12180 𒆀 ~ x SHA; 12181 𒆁 ~ x SHE; 12182 𒆂 ~ x SHID; 12183 𒆃 ~ x SHU; 12184 𒆄 ~ x SIG; 12185 𒆅 ~ x SUHUR; 12186 𒆆 ~ x TAR; 12187 𒆇 ~ x U; 12188 𒆈 ~ x U2; 12189 𒆉 ~ x UD; 1218A 𒆊 ~ x UMUM x PA; 1218B 𒆋 ~ x USH; 1218C 𒆌 ~ x ZI

..

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1218D 𒆍 KA₂, kan₄ [436x] = gate, door | cf. 1208D 𒂍 E₂ house

1218E 𒆎 KA₂ +-ing KA₂

1218F 𒆏KAB, GAB₂, GUB₃, [H breve cap]UB₂ = left | cf. 12138

12190𒆐 kad₂ = qqq | “other letter” ?? | cf. 120FO 𒃰 KAD / GAD linen, flax; 122D9𒋙 šuš₂ cover

12191 𒆑 kad₃ sed_x = qqq | “other letter” ?? |

12192 𒆒 kad₄ = [1x!]fish; [9x] tie | peš₅(pesh₅)[53x] = innards; to breathe; grandson; descendant; to give birth (to); (to be) pregnant; pregnancy; to gather; (to be) thick; (to be) wide | also uQQ [uQQ pesh thick breathe give birth] peš [67x]

12193 𒆓KAD, kad₅ = [10x] to tie, gather; to itch, scratch; to weave a mat | banšur₃ (banshur)= table ??

12194 𒆔 KAD5/KAD5

12195 𒆕 KAK, gag [126x] = arrowhead; peg, nail | DU, DU₃ [cpd 12351 + ~ = mating], RU₂ [7061x] | GAG (dù) = to build, make do, perform

cpd [cpd sag-kak triangle cunteus 2x] 𒊕-kak[2x] = cuneus; triangle[12295 sag head + ~ ]

12196 𒆖 KAK x IGI gunu

12197 𒆗 KAL, kalag = [102x] (to be) strong, powerful, mighty; to reinforce; to provide for .. cpds [cpd kal-ga strong powerful 2280x] kal-ga [2280x] ; kal-la [11x] | kal [389x] = (to be) rare, valuable | cf. 12128𒄨young male

12198 𒆘 ~ x BAD; 12199 𒆙 ~ +-ing ~

1219A 𒆚 KAM2, kám = prob. "th" e.g. 15^th day… [ordinal marker; can't find in PSD et al – see waste of time below – penalty for not following most important rule of 'Scribe School'] cf. “5″ | change, desire ??

blood, semen, pus, blister and pustule A.1. diš na ta-at-ti-kám ša kàš gig |

^girNin-urta-kám Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

[kam2 hunting]

Cuneiform Documents ed RH Sack:

[kam2 hunting th ordinal]

UD. 15.KAM MU .[8].KAM

day. 15. ?? year .[8]. ??

15th day, [8th] year of

UD=day; MU = year

Therefore, all this bloody trouble just to find that

KAM₂ is an ordinal marker (glyph/gloss) i.e. = "th"!!!

1219B 𒆛 KAM4 | zubi [6x] = watercourse, canal, irrigation

[120F8] 𒃸kar₂ [55x] = to insult, slander | 𒃸𒃸 GAN2tenu- GAN2tenu, kar_2- kar₂ [52x] = to blow; to light up, shine; to rise

1219C 𒆜 KASKAL [705x], KAS, RAŠ = way, road; journey, caravan | DANNA = mile [distance]

1219D 𒆝 ~ LAGAB x U/LAGAB x U; 1219E 𒆞 ~/~ LAGAB x U/LAGAB x U

1219F 𒆟KESH2 / keš₂ (kešda) [853x] = to bind; gather; organize; assemble; compile => {computer tablet 5000 years later - and kešda looks like the first computer mainframe, brought by aliens of course!}

[cpd zu2-keshda compiler cutting edge n bind Enheduanna] zu₂-kešda = compiler, organizer [12157 zu₂ cutting edge + ~ ]

121A0 𒆠KI (gi₅) [32379xxx!] = cosmic (under)world (cf ABZU) earth, land, place, ground, toward, country, lower, down below | determinative ^&ki; after place names |

[cpd ki-mu-she3 place] ki-gu₁₀-še₃ = designated place [121A0 KI place + 1222C MU name, son + 12365 še₃ string]

121A1 𒆡 KI x BAD; 121A2 𒆢 KI x U; 121A3 𒆣 KI x UD

121A4 𒆤 KID, lil₂, ge₂ (gé), ke₄ = open field, steppe | ^gikid [509x] = (reed) mat | lil₂ [92x] = wind; ghost; female demon, Lilitu / Lilith of "Bilgames (Gilgamesh) and the Netherworld"

121A5 𒆥 KIN = work, procedure; sickle | GUR₁₀ [470x] = to reap

121A6 𒆦 KISAL [204x] = courtyard

121A7 𒆧 KISH / KIŠ [14x] = totality, world

121A8 𒆨 KISIM₅ = sour milk [2x][common compound aux. cf12016 𒀖AB₂ cow]

121A9 𒆩 ~/~

121AA 𒆪 KU = backside | DAB₅ [8723x] = to seize, take, hold; to bind; to envelop, overwhelm; to choose (by extispicy); to accept; to take charge of | TUKUL, TUŠ = sit, seated | cf. 12089 𒂉

121AB 𒆫 KU/HI x ASH2 KU/HI x ASH2

121AC 𒆬 KU₃, kug [1342x] = (to be) pure; [3875x] = metal, silver; (to be) bright, shiny | kug+an ~ azag = demon | kug+gi ~ guškin = gold | ~ + BABBAR = silver

𒆬

cpd[cpd kug-ga-na pure]kug-ga-na = pure [121AC KUG pure + 120B5 suckling, carry +1223E NA man, pestle, pounder]

121AD 𒆭KU₄, kur₉ [1489x] = to enter

121AE 𒆮 KU4

[122FB] 𒋻KUD, ku5 [1111x] = to break off, deduct; to separate, cut off; to cut; to incise; to decide; to make clear

[12129]𒄩KU₆ = (fresh) fish | ^ku₆= determinative ^&ku6; after names of fish

121AF 𒆯 KU7 / KU₇ [65x]= (to be) good; (to be ) (honey-)sweet | KUD

121B0 𒆰 KUL [59x] = to run | NUMUN [1219x] = seed cf. 12044𒁄 BAL spindle

cpd [cpd shag4-bala procreate to produce offspring] šag_4-bala(ša₃-bal)[1016x] = procreate, to produce offspring [122AE šag₄ heart + ~]

121B1 𒆱 KUL gunu

121B2 𒆲 KUN [225x] = tail; canal outlet

121B3 𒆳 KUR [2494x] = mountain(s), land, country; underworld; east; easterner; east wind | determinative ^&kur; before mountains / countries

𒆳

cpd [cpd kur-kur-ra lands] kur-kur-ra = mountains; lands [ ~ + 1228F RA aux.]

121B4 𒆴 KUR opp KUR

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

121B5 𒆵KUSHU2 / KUŠU₂ = a paste; phlegm, mucus, sputum; foam, scum, cum; saliva, spittle; poison | creature, [12x] crab [the crabs!] [cuneus]

uQQ [uQQ KUSH2 kusu tired troubled 149x]KUSHU / KUŠU, kuš₂ [149x] = tired, troubled

121B6 𒆶 KWU318 = grass

121B7 𒆷 LA [65x] = bending over (backside); show, display; press; hang; supervise, check | [66x] a stand

PLM𒆷 bend, carry, press together, crease together, pinch [of buttocks]…practice pederasty, take advantage of a woman through anal intercourse cf. Sukaletuda's rape of Inana L118 [Jaritz #968]; also Proto-Sumerian Halloran.

cpd lalamu | cf. 121F2 𒇲 la₂ | cpd [cpd GAL4-LA cuneus]gal₄-la = cuneus (from behind)

121B8 𒆸 LAGAB| nigin₂ [214x] = encircle, go around | [116x] block, stump | GUR4 (KUR4) [133x] = thick, big, feel big | KILIB [256x] = total | LUGUD ₂ = short, tight | gir₈(kir₃) [2x!] = to break / pinch off | cpd 𒆸 mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta = to roam around – see MUGSAR 4-Way – Inana112a

LAGAB Variants:

121B9 𒆹 LAGAB x A | SUG, AMBAR = swamp, marsh (encircled water) i.e. NÍGINxA = AMBAR | BUGIN, BUNIN

121BA 𒆺 ~ x A + DA + HA; 121BB 𒆻 ~ x A + GAR; 121BC 𒆼 ~ x A + LAL;

121BD 𒆽 ~ x AL; 121BE 𒆾 ~ x AN; 121BF 𒆿 ~ x ASH ZIDA tenu

121C0 𒇀 LAGAB x BAD, GIGIR = cart

121C1 𒇁 ~ x BI; 121C2 𒇂 ~ x DAR; 121C3 𒇃 ~ x EN; 121C4 𒇄 ~ x GA; 121C5 𒇅 ~ x GAR; 121C6 𒇆 ~ x GUD;

121C7 𒇇 ~ x GUD + GUD | u₈ [4425x] = sheep, ewe; Oh!, (a soothing expression) | cpd nu-u₈-gig = priestess, high status woman, goddess / Inana

121C8 𒇈 ~ x HA;

121C9 𒇉 ~ x HAL | engur [45x] = (cosmic) waters [cf ABZU = abyss; [cpd Ur-Nammu] Ur-Engur aka Ur-Nammu / Ur-Namma / Ur-Gur]

121CA 𒇊 ~ x HI x NUN; 121CB 𒇋 ~ x IGI gunu; 121CC 𒇌 ~ x IM; 121CD 𒇍 ~ x IM + HA; 121CE 𒇎 ~ x IM + LU; 121CF 𒇏 ~ x KI; 121D0 𒇐 ~ x KIN; 121D1 𒇑 ~ x KU3; 121D2 𒇒 ~ x KUL; 121D3 𒇓 ~ x KUL + HI + A; 121D4 𒇔 ~ x ~ ; 121D5 𒇕 ~ x LISH; 121D6𒇖~ x LU; 121D7 𒇗 ~ x LUL; 121D8 𒇘 ~ x ME; 121D9 𒇙 ~ x ME + EN; 121DA 𒇚 ~ x MUSH; 121DB 𒇛 ~ x NE; 121DC 𒇜 ~ x SHE + SUM; 121DD 𒇝 ~ x SHITA + GISH + ERIN2; 121DE 𒇞 ~ x SHITA + GISH tenu; 121DF 𒇟 ~ x SHU2; 121E0 𒇠 ~ x SHU2 + SHU2; 121E1 𒇡 ~ x SUM; 121E2 𒇢 ~ x TAG; 121E3 𒇣 ~ x TAK4; 121E4 𒇤 ~ x TE + A + SU + NA

121E5 𒇥 LAGAB x U | NÍGINxBÙR (U) = pú (pu₂) [95x] = waterwell / hole, pit; depth (encircled area+hole) lower course, footing; cistern; fish pond; source (of river) | TÚL = source ?? | GÍGIR = wagon??

121E6 𒇦 ~ x U + A; 121E7 𒇧 ~ x U + U + U; 121E8 𒇨 ~ x U2 + ASH;

121E9 𒇩 ~ x UD; 121EA 𒇪 ~ x USH; 121EB 𒇫~ sq

cf. cpd [cpd sipad sipa shepherd 2463x 2]SIPAD, sipa [2463x] = shepherd

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

121EC 𒇬LAGAR [21x] = sharman, priest / priestess

121ED 𒇭 ~ x SHE; 121EE 𒇮 ~ x SHE + SUM;

121EF 𒇯 ~ gunu; 121F0 𒇰 ~ gunu/~ gunu SHE

121F1 𒇱 LAHSHU qqq | cf. 122E4 𒋤 pull | lahhušu [0x] = pot ; 12263𒉣NUN | 122C3silag 0x body part

121F2 𒇲 LAL, LA₂ [9977x] = (to be) small, little; minus sign; (to be) insignificant, low-value; dimunition

121F3 𒇳 LAL x LAL

121F4 𒇴 LAM [47x] = to flourish; to make grow luxuriantly

121F5 𒇵 ~ x KUR; 121F6 𒇶 ~ x KUR + RU

121F7 𒇷 LI / LE, gub₂ [4x] = to bathe, wash; [49x] branch, twig (juniper shrub); pure

121F8 𒇸 LIL [8x] = fool, idiot | lú+lil

121F9 𒇹 LIMMU₂[1759x] = 4 ["4" four numeric; 𒍝 11x]

121FA 𒇺 LISH / LIŠ, DILIM₂, DILI₂ [28x] = spoon, balance pan, bowl

121FB 𒇻 LU | udu [28818xxx!] = sheep; [185x] (to be) abundant, to heap up; [130x] to disturb, stir up; to cover completely; to mix | DIB, DAB = grasp | [cf 12073 𒁳] | determinative ^&udu; sheep / goats

cpd [cpd sipad sipa shepherd 2463x 2]sipad (sipa) [2463x] = shepherd [1227A PA overseer + 121FB UDU sheep]

121FC 𒇼 LU x BAD

121FD 𒇽 LU₂ [12429xxx!] = man (him); ruler [alien spaceships!]; person; who(m), which; (s)he who, that which; of; | determinative ^&lu2; before male stuff

LU₂ Variants:

121FE 𒇾 ~ x AL ; 121FF 𒇿 ~ x BAD; 12200 𒈀 ~ x ESH2; 12201 𒈁 ~ x ESH2 tenu;

12202𒈂 ~ x GAN2 tenu | šaga (šaga) [6x] =a wronged person; (to be) slain; (to be) afflicted, oppressed

12203 𒈃~ x HI x BAD; 12204 𒈄 ~ x IM; 12205 𒈅 ~ x KAD2; 12206 𒈆 ~ x KAD3; 12207 𒈇 ~ x KAD3 + ASH; 12208 𒈈 ~ x KI; 12209 𒈉 ~ x LA + ASH; 1220A 𒈊 ~ x LAGAB; 1220B 𒈋 ~ x ME + EN; 1220C 𒈌 ~ x NE; 1220D 𒈍 ~ x NU; 1220E 𒈎 ~ x SI + ASH; 1220F 𒈏 ~ x SIK2 + BU; 12210 𒈐 ~ x TUG2; 12211 𒈑 ~ tenu ; 12212 𒈒 ~ +-ing ~; 12213 𒈓 ~ opp ~; 12214 𒈔 ~ sq; 12215 𒈕 ~ sheshig

..

12216 𒈖 LU₃ [18x] = to disturb, stir up; to cover completely; to mix

12217 𒈗LUGAL [24522xxx!] = king [The "King of the Earthlings" rides around in a spaceship man!]

True Etym.: 12217 LUGAL is made from 121FD𒇽 LU₂ man + 120F2𒃲 GAL big => big man => king (sometimes scribes reverse signs – see Foxvog) cf. Latin leg-is; and lu/ru interchangeability => rugal => English "regal", Latin regalis

LUGAL Variants:

12218 𒈘 ~/~; 12219 𒈙 ~ opp ~; 1221A 𒈚 ~ sheshig

1221B 𒈛 LUH, LU[H breve cap], LA[H breve cap]₃, SUKKAL [3469x] = secretary, civil servant, bureaucrat, official | luh [164x] = to clean, wash

1221C 𒈜 LUL [133x] = false, criminal | NAR = song / musician ??

1221D 𒈝 LUM [107x] = (to be) full, replete, satisfied (with); (to be) grown (tall); to fruit; (to be) fructified; to shine

1221E 𒈞 LUM/LUM; 1221F 𒈟 LUM/LUM GAR/GAR

12220 𒈠 MA = [169x] (come in to) land (like bird; fly in), approach; go, flow (phallus, come), fig tree, house [?? secondary in each]

12221 𒈡 MA x TAK4

12222 𒈢 MA, _{gunu / gunû}, [H breve cap]AŠ[H breve cap]UR / HASHHUR = apple (tree)

12223 𒈣 MA2 / MA₂ [5559x]= ship, boat

12224 𒈤 MAH / MA[H breve cap] [3271x] = to be great, exalted

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

12225 𒈥 MAR = [13x]smear – True Etym.: mar; [8x] louse, worm, parasite; [5x] winnow

12226 𒈦MASH / maš [726x] = goat | maš [1452x] = interest (on a loan); an irrigation tax | half; LÚ+MÁŠDA = poor man | MAŠ.EN.GAG = palace dependant | MAŠD+TAB+BA = twin cf. 12047 𒁇

12227 𒈧 MASH₂ / maš₂ [10699xx] = goat; extispicy – sacrificial animal for omens | family, relative | MAŠ₂+GAL = buck, billygoat

12228 𒈨 ME, àm [2860x] = I am, to be (is / was) | [750x] being, divine properties enabling cosmic activity; rite; office [copula | True Etymology: i.men cf. I am | IŠIB = 100; set, take | uQQ[uQQ MESH plural marker] MEŠ / mesh = plural marker

[PLM]𒈨Jaritz #889 depicts a "short vertical line abutting a longer horizontal line at its midpoint". It means "speak, call, tongue, middle, converse". Graphic convention designed to bring out the idea of "middle", the position associated in early thinking with the placement of the tongue in the mouth. Somewhat surprisingly, this simple element has been identified for PIE as *me, "in the middle, into the middle". *me is not regarded as meaning "tongue"; that meaning has been taken by a derivation from it, eme (for *îmî) [12174𒅴] another reading of the same sign, which represents "teeth-middle" = "tongue". This compound can be found in PIE with *empi-, "mosquito", an animal that definitely deserves to be named for its tongue.

uQQ [uQQ me3 battle combat 243x] me₃ [243x]= battle, combat cf. 12228 𒈨 copula

12229 𒈩 MES, meš₃ [56x] black [Gilgamesh was black! nextdoor on list to 1222A MI / gig2 main black]; [29x] = hero; (to be) manly; young man cf. Enki and the world order c113.221, Ninurta's exploits c162.310, Samsu-iluna & Inana c2831.15 [NB computerized transl no ordinary 'tree' more like 'hero']) | 𒈩mes (^gešmes, 𒈩meš₃) [81x]= tree| kišib (-la₂) [36x] = cylinder seal, sealed tablet; kišib-rah₂ .. with aux. = to seal

cf. 1231D𒌝[less vertical ge than 12229] UM reed (stylus?) stem + 4 var;

1207E𒁾 DUB tablet | kišib₃ [17468x] = cylinder seal, sealed tablet

..

cpd [cpd BIL-GA-MESH black hero Gilgamesh] BIL.GA.MEŠ (Sumerian: Bilgamesh; Akkad.: Gilgamesh) black hero of oldest written epic (quest for immortality) [1224B BIL₂ burnt + 120B5 GA young (bull) + 12229 mes (meš₃) black hero (next on the sign list is the more common black sign 1222A𒈪 MI) ; and 1207E dub 𒁾 able to write = power connotation)]

..

1222A 𒈪 MI [<=cun-sign | Sumerian=>] ge_6, giggi (ge₆), gi_6, gi_6, gig₂ [941x] = to be black, night | ge/gi same as 12100 reed stylus => writing => knowledge => power = black | upper / high (class) cf. mi-iq-tum (miqtum, mi-[h breve]al2-tum) = social class

𒈪

cf. dome of night sky – cpd[cpd ul4-he2 or GAN firmament vault of the sky] ul₄-he₂ firmament, vault of sky

[12109 terror + 120F6 boundless]

..

Sumerians called themselves black people [cpd Black Sumerians] ùg₃-sag-gíg₂-ga[12326 ùg₃ people (KALAM Sumer) + 12295 sag head + 1222A gíg₂ black + 120B5 ga carry / aux.]see tablet examples; not just black plebs either, the "First professors are BLACK!" [cpd um-mi-a expert master craftsman scholar is BLACK 142x] um-mi-a = scholar, expert, craftsman [scholar 1231D UM reed stem (stylus/writing symbol, 1207E tablet var) + 1222AMI black + 12000 progeny]

[cpd um-mi-a first professors are BLACK psd 14 over 5000ya]

..

[cpd digir dim3-mi-ir black god]

And even Gilgamesh is black, see previous entry 12229

..

[kiengi black cuneiform]

cpd [cpd GIG sick troublesome black-pearl 313x] GIG = 1222A black + 1226D beads = gig[313x] = sick, troublesome | [cpd NUGIG nu-u8-gig priestess high status women] (nugig) nu-u8-gig = [black Sumerian woman =] priestess, high status woman, goddess / Inana

1222B 𒈫 MIN [959x] = 2 ["2" two numeric; cf. horiz var122F0𒋰0x as MIN 2, but as TAB 122F0 double, repeat, partner 740x]

1222C 𒈬 MU = [43667xxx!] year | mu = [2994x] name; line of text; son | MU[H breve cap]ALDIM / muhaldim[2185x] =cook | mu (ES) = phallus | gu₁₀ = "dear one" suffix / honorific | determinative ^&mu; before words for items made of wood (Emesal)

cpd[cpd zag-mu new year cycle beginning 180x]zag-mu [180x] = new year; beginning of cycle [12360 ZAG boundary + ~]

1222D𒈭 MU/MU | ta[h breve] / tah (dah) [274x]= to add, increase

1222E 𒈮 MUG [162x] = wool [pubic ?? next to MU phallus]; to hew out, hollow out; to engrave

cpd[cpd tug2 determ mug kind of garment]^tug_2-mug[179x] = a kind of garment [determ 12306 tug₂ garment + ~]

1222F 𒈯 MUGgunu, zadim; za-dim₂ [128x] = stone-cutter; bow-maker

12230 𒈰MUNSUB [5x] = hair, barber

12231 𒈱 MURGU2, egir₆(MURGU₂)(egir₆) = [10x] back, estate, inheritance | mur₇ [0x] = excrement / shit

12232 𒈲 MUSH (MUŠ) [192x] = snake

12233 𒈳 ~ x A; 12234 𒈴 ~ x KUR; 12235 𒈵 ~ x ZA

12236 𒈶 MUSH / MUSH (MUŠ) RI₈ = snake

12237 𒈷 ~/~ x A + NA; 12238 𒈸 ~ +-ing MUSH

12239 𒈹 MUSH₃ / MUŠ₃ = [107x] face, appearance; [81x] flat space, holy area; [3x] curdle | sed₆ (šed₁₂) [11x #3 behind sed₄] = cold; winter .. cpd[cpd sed4 cold cool winter]sed₄(še₁₇, šed₁₀)[34x; ~ + 12072 well-being] |MUŠ₃ INANNA, INNIN = goddess | 1202D 𒀭𒈹AN+ MUŠ_{3 =} ^dinana / Inana

1223A 𒈺 MUSH₃ / MUŠ₃ x A | se₂₄, sed₃, še₁₂, šed₉ = winter, hibernate, rest, be content

1223B 𒈻 ~ x A + DI; 1223C 𒈼 ~ x DI; 1223D 𒈽 ~gunu

1223E 𒈾 NA, nigna = [114x] incense (burner); man; [32x] stone; pestle, pounder

cpd [cpd ma-na mina unit of weight 9459x] ma-na / mina [9459x] = unit of weight; 1 mina = 60 shekels, 1 talent = 60 mina [3600 shekels]

1223F 𒈿 NA₂, NU₂[419x]= to lie down (of people); to lay down; to be ill;bed | NUD | cf. 12029 𒀩 icon

cpd [cpd BA-NA2 lie down] ba-na₂ = 12040 BA split, open + ~

12240 𒉀 NAGA, naga [2521x] = potash (potassium compound often used in agriculture); soap | NAG₂, NISABA₂ = tornado

cpd [cpd d-nisaba za3-mi2 DINGIR-NAGA-ZAG-SAL Nisaba goddess of writing] DINGIR.NAGA.ZAG.SAL,^dnisaba za₃-mi₂ = Nisaba praised [ 1202D AN god + 12240 NAGA + 12360 za₃ + 122A9mi₂ cuneus]

12241 𒉁 ~ INVERTED; 12242 𒉂 ~ x SHU tenu; 12243 𒉃 ~ opp ~

12244 𒉄 NAGAR [666x] = carpenter

12245 𒉅 NAM, nutillu | buru₅ = [4x] locust

12246 𒉆 NAM = [567x] determined order; will, testament; fate, destiny | bir₅ [35x incl 12 ED IIIa] = locust | sin₂ = district | sim = [var < 16x] smell, sniff, filter, swallow | nam-tar = destiny | nam-ra = booty, spoils, captive

cpd𒊹nam-mah = NAMMAH, earliest known mathematician, see 122B9 [ ~ + 12224 mah great]

12247 𒉇 NAM₂ = prefix lord / official; thought, planning ??

12248 𒉈 NE, (bí / bi₂) | de₃ [25x] bring / carry (collect) | 𒉈 (še₆, šeg₆) [261x] = to cook; to dry a field | izi = [257x] fire (pottery), brazier | kum₂ [78x] = (to be) hot | bi₂ in compounds | nen, ne, ne-en, ne-e [101x] = this, these | bil [7x] = burn

𒉈 Jaritz #339 burning torch

cpds:

[cpd NE-A refine] NE-A = refine [ ~ + 12000 A water]

[cpd il2-i-de3 raise] il₂-i-de₃ = collect firewood [1214D il₂ carry + 1213F I "5" + 12248 de₃ collect]

[cpd NE SU-UB on fire kissing sucking fukg] NE-SU-UB = to be on fire, kissing [ ~ + 122E2 SU submerge, flesh + 12312 UB praise, ruin]

12249𒉉 NE x A | eš₁₃ [0x] = (to be) cold | cf. 12239 sed₄cold; winter

1224A 𒉊 NE x UD

1224B 𒉋 NE _{sheshig / šešig}, BIL₂ | gibil [671x] = new, renew; firewood | bil₂ [43x] = burn / burnt

cpd [cpd BIL-GA-MESH black hero Gilgamesh] BIL.GA.MEŠ (Sumerian: Bilgamesh [cf. Billjim!]; Akkad.: Gilgamesh) black hero of oldest written epic [1224B BIL₂ burnt + 120B5 GA young (bull) + 12229 mes(meš) black hero]

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1224C 𒉌 NI <= cun-sign | Sumerian => Ì / i_3, IÀ / ia₃, I, lí /li₂| (syll.: bè, lé, lí, né) i₃ =[8654x] oil; butter; container for oil vegetable oil, fat | ZAL [2798x] = to pass time; to get up early; to finish, come to an end (come to pass); to dissolve, melt, disintegrate, break down, collapse; to quake; sensual connotation | cpd[cpd NA4 stone] na_{4 [527x]} = stone; stone weight | determinative ^&na4; stones | cf. 12155 𒅕 IR ask; perfume

𒉌

1224D 𒉍 NI x E

1224E 𒉎 NI₂, | ni₂ [370x] = self | ni₂ [322x] = fear, aura | cf. 1214E𒅎 im = clay, mud; tablet; copula | TU₁₅ = wind cf. ^dIŠKUR storm god

cpd [cpd ni2-bi-a itself] ni₂-bi-a = itself / themselves / all together (1224E ni₂ + 12049 BI + 12000 A)

[ETCSL:ni2=self | ni2-bi=itself / themselves | ni2-gu10=myself | ni2-te-a-ni=himself / herself | ni2-zu=yourself ]

uQQ[uQQ SHA2 NIG syllabary sh-]NÍG, šá [syllabary]

1224F 𒉏 NIM = [79x] fly, insect, buzz; [31x] (to be) high, elevated; (to be) early; easterner; suffix plant | 𒉏_, dih₃[132x]= thorny weed | NIN+LAL₃ = bee| NUM | KUR | [cpd ELAM eq NIM] ELAM^KI = Elam

12250𒉐 NIM x GAN2 tenu | tum₃ [144x] = bring

12251 𒉑 NIM x GAR + GAN2 tenu

12252 𒉒 NINDA₂ = [39x] seed-funnel 𒉒[cf. hand-scoop Jaritz #347 see 12258 below]; fish ??; breeding bull | INDA = [0x!] bread, food | cf. much more common 120FB 𒃻 NINDA [11296x]

NINDA₂ Variants

12253 𒉓 ~ x AN, ŠAM₃ = buy, price ; 12254 𒉔 ~ x ASH; 12255 𒉕 ~ x ASH + ASH;

12256 𒉖 ~ x GUD ; 12257 𒉗 ~ x ME + GAN2 tenu

12258 𒉘 NINDA₂ x NE, RAM, AG₂ / AG₂ (ám) = darling; ag₂ [88x #2 behind 120FB 𒃻nig₂ 1542x] thing, possession; measure ??

𒉘 Jaritz #362 a combination sign which, rather incongruously, depicts a ”hand-scoop" (#347) enclosing #339 [12248 NE] burning torch, signifying the "heat of passionate love" [encapsulated fire].

cpd [cpd ki-ag2 love 666x] ki-ag₂(ki-ag₂) [666x] = to love[121A0 KI cosmic world + 12258 ag₂ heat of passionate love]

12259 𒉙 ~ x NUN

1225A 𒉚 NINDA₂ x SHE / ŠE, ŠAM₂(NINDA₂x ŠE + A AN variants) = price

1225B 𒉛 ~ x SHE + A AN; 1225C 𒉜 ~ x SHE + ASH; 1225D 𒉝 ~ x SHE + ASH + ASH;

1225E 𒉞 ~ x U2 + ASH; 1225F 𒉟 ~ x USH

..

12260 𒉠 NISAG, MURU₂, MURUB₄ [44x] = middle; cuneus | cf. 12319 𒌙murub₆(muru_{13) ;} 𒉠 murub₂; backside, rump; knob; mouth; gate (of city or large building); space between, distance; link; hips | ITIgunû

12261 𒉡 NU [785x] = not (negation: “no”, negative); without, un-; genitals; sperm; offspring | NU-GAL₂ = nonexistent | NU-TIL = incomplete | True Etym. nu => no

12262 𒉢 NU₁₁ | gešnu (gešnu) [3x] = light | duri [0x] = male; to be virile

12263 𒉣 NUN = [1x!] guidance (eridu) | [656x] prince; (as attribute) foremost, best | lard | [cpd NUN-KI Eridu]NUN KI = Eridu

NUN Variants

12264 𒉤 ~ LAGAR x GAR; 12265 𒉥 ~ LAGAR x MASH; 12266 𒉦 ~ LAGAR x SAL;

12267𒉧 ~ LAGAR x SAL/~ LAGAR x SAL; 12268𒉨 ~ LAGAR x USH; 12269𒉩 ~ tenu

1226A 𒉪 NUN/NUN, NIR = NIR.GAL₂ = strong, powerful

1226B 𒉫 ~ +-ing ~; 1226C 𒉬 ~ +-ing ~ LAGAR/LAGAR

1226D 𒉭 NUNUZ [109x], ERIN₂, RÍN = egg (shape), bead, pearl ??

NUNUZ (so eggs + cow 12016 / sour milk 121A8 = produce farm) Variants:

1226E 𒉮 ~ AB2 x ASHGAB; 1226F 𒉯 ~ AB2 x BI; 12270 𒉰 ~ AB2 x DUG; 12271 𒉱 ~ AB2 x GUD ; 12272 𒉲 ~ AB2 x IGI gunu; 12273 𒉳 ~ AB2 x KAD3;

12274𒉴 ~ AB2 x LA | la[h breve]tan (lahtan) [19x] = beer vat

12275 𒉵 ~ AB2 x NE; 12276 𒉶 ~ AB2 x SILA3; 12277 𒉷 ~ AB2 x U2; 12278 𒉸 ~ KISIM5 x BI; 12279 𒉹 ~ KISIM5 x BI U

..

1227A 𒉺 PA | ugula = [9794x] foreman, overseer | bá [293x]= wing; branch, frond | gidru / gidri = [129x] sceptre | sìg = to beat | garza = office | SIG hit e.g. cpd SIG-UZU ~ TUD beat whip

1227B 𒉻PAD, ŠUK /SHUK, šukur₂/shukur₂(šuk, šuku) = [1335x] food allocation, ration | [56x] to break (into bits); pierce

1227C 𒉼 PAN, tir₅[63x]= bow; geometric figure {PSD} | cf bow-maker, PANA = bow, arrow

1227D𒉽 PAP, KUR₂ [607x] = unit of capacity based on a vessel size; PAP = [86x] relation; first and foremost, pre-eminent; father; male, virile; brother | PAB = protect | PA₅ = canal | cpd [cpd DIM to check approach 13x]DIM [13x] = to check; to approach

1227E 𒉾 PESH2 / PEŠ₂, PIŠ₂ [55x] = mouse

1227F 𒉿 PI (bì) [269x] tal₂, | geshtu / geštu, geshtug / geštug = ear, hear, reason, intelligence, wisdom, understanding

PI Variants:

12280 𒊀 ~ x A; 12281 𒊁 ~ x AB; 12282 𒊂 ~ x BI; 12283 𒊃 ~ x BU; 12284 𒊄 ~ x E; 12285 𒊅 ~ x I; 12286 𒊆 ~ x IB; 12287 𒊇 ~ x U; 12288 𒊈 ~ x U2; 12289 𒊉 ~ +-ing PI

..

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

1228A 𒊊 PIRIG (PIRIG) [198x]= lion

1228B 𒊋 PIRIG (PIRIG) x KAL, NIB = leopard

1228C 𒊌 PIRIG (PIRIG) x UD, UG = tiger

1228D 𒊍 PIRIG (PIRIG) x ZA, AZ, AS = bear

1228E 𒊎 PIRIG (PIRIG) opp PIRIG

1228F 𒊏 RA, rah₂[597x] = to beat, kill; to break, crush; to flood; to thresh (grain with a flail) | aux. ~ -ra | see also notes on evolution [PLM (Patrick Ryan '2008)]: – 𒊏wheel rim with four spokes over curled horn suggests "back" over "tall"; also "stir"; emphasizes flood

cpd [cpd IM-TA-UD.DU-A-RA]im-ta-e₃-a-ra = sunrise [1214E IM mood + 122EB TA much + cpd UD-DU sunrise + 12000 A bemoan + 1228F RA beat thresh]

12290 𒊐 RAB, raba [37x] = clamp; neck stock; hoop ??

12291 𒊑 RI = [475x]to lay down, cast, place; to set in place, imbue; to lean on; to impose; to throw down; to release, let go; to walk along; to pour out; to lead away | re [130x] = “that” | auxiliary verb, sar-ri / sar-re 122AC |distant | cf. 12137 𒄷

12292 𒊒 RU, shub / šub [495x] = fall, defeat; throw (boomerang) 𒊒

12293 𒊓 SA = braided, string, net, sinew, muscle | determinative ^&sa; before braided items

12294 𒊔 SAG, 𒊕, nutillu = head [rare, always 12295]

sag Variants:

12295 𒊕 SAG, 𒊕(pron. sang), SUR₁₄ [3582x ]= head; person / people; capital

𒊕

cpd [cpd sag-ga2 head basket] [cpd txt sang sag-ga2 head basket] /sag-ga₂ = head basket [12295 sag head + 120B7 ga2 basket]

12296 𒊖 ~ x A; 12297 𒊗 ~ x DU; 12298 𒊘 ~ x DUB; 12299 𒊙 ~ x HA; 1229A 𒊚 ~ x KAK; 1229B 𒊛 ~ x KUR; 1229C 𒊜 ~ x LUM; 1229D 𒊝 ~ x MI; 1229E 𒊞 ~ x NUN; 1229F 𒊟 ~ x SAL; 122A0 𒊠 ~ x SHID; 122A1 𒊡 ~ x TAB; 122A2 𒊢 ~ x U2; 122A3 𒊣 ~ x UB; 122A4 𒊤 ~ x UM; 122A5 𒊥 ~ x UR; 122A6 𒊦 ~ x USH; 122A7 𒊧 ~/~; 122A8 𒊨 ~ gunu

..

122A9 𒊩 SAL, mug, gal₄ (gala), murub (muru₁₃), munus [3079x] = cuneus 𒊩 apotheosis of woman, goddess, matriarch, queen | mi₂ = [13x - all ED IIIb] praise; CVNE | determinative before female names ^&f;

The scribes who invented writing 5000 years ago clearly had no inhibitions about the basis for the design of their cuneiform, nor should we bowdlerize [etym.: Thomas Bowdler expurgated William Shakespeare (aka Edward de Vere) '1822] for hypocritical luddites / puritans who are still happy to plagiarize the technology revolution started by the Sumerians, and it may well have been the inspiration for the whole style ~ cunei.form = cuneus writing.

[mugsar logo4]

Scratching and dragging a pointed stylus would not have been near as effective and enduring for us to be able to read now. And it can be no coincidence that the Sumerian apotheosis of "woman" has come down to us as the first letter of vagina.

Germaine Greer says it's a powerful symbol – BBC Balderdash and Piffle "2007 (see Youtube; also here. Unfortunately none are aware of the very first significance bestowed by the Sumerians.

Enheduanna – earliest known author and poet was female

And not only were the first scholars black, the earliest known author and poet was female (and most likely black), Enheduanna [cpd Enheduanna oldest known author was female] 7715-7750CT (2285-2250 plag) … Westenholz edited a fragmentary hymn dedicated to Enheduanna indicating her apotheosis… [Wik]; she was totally lost to history until her tablets were unearthed in '1926 [Nisaba] by Leonard Woolley [born '1880 in 13 Southwold Road just around the corner from King's Place (now BSix College Brooke House - East London Hackney-Stratford where the '2012 Olympics Games were held) where Edward de Vere wrote 'Shake-speares Sonnets' - only because he was setup by another forgotten proto-feminist, 2nd wife Elizabeth Trentham]; she represented a strong and creative personality, an educated woman, and one who fulfilled diverse roles in a complex society, not unlike women's aspirations today…[Jane Roberts]; “My goddess gave birth to your god” … Assyriologist William Hallo referred to her as “The Sumerian Shakespeare”. But given that she preceded Shakespeare by several thousand years, it might be more apt to dub the bard “The English Enheduanna” [Kristin Agudelo's notablewomen]; or “Enheduanna of Tudor Literature” [chickhistory]; ironically also lost to history is Susan de Vere, Shakespeare's Daughter and Producer of the First Folio.

"My king, something has been created that no one has created before."

[Enheduanna 7715-7750CT earliest known author was female 458]

..

cpds:

[cpd emi e2-mi2 queens household] emi (e₂-mi₂) [219x] = queen's household [1208D e₂ house+ 122A9 mi₂ cuneus]

[cpd NIN lady mistress 1467x] NIN = lady, mistress [122A9 cuneus +12306garment]; e₅ = princely ?? | e₅, ereš

[cpd nin9 sister 247x]nin₉ [247x] = sister[ ~ +121AAku backside]

[cpd mussa mi2-us2-sa2 son daughter in law]mussa(mi₂-us₂-sa₂) [53x] = son / daughter in-law [122A9 mi₂ cuneus; praise + 12351 us₂ phallus + 12072 sa₂ law]

[cpd geme2 slave woman 4025x]geme₂ [4025x] = slave woman [~ +121B3mountains]

𒉠MURUB₂ = cuneus, backside [ ~ + 121EC priestess] cf. 12319𒌙 murub₆ (muru₁₃), 12260 murub₄ (muru₂)

[cpd gal4-la-na cunteus] gal₄-la-na = cuneus – bending over, show [122A9 gal₄ cuneus + 121B7 LA bending over / rump, show + 1223E NA man, pestle, pounder] True Etym.: gala (festive dress, make merry) cf. also [cpd gala-tur young male performer]�GALA-TUR young male performer [12351 us2 phallus + 121AA KU rump + 12309 TUR young]

[cpd gal4-la-na-she3 cunteus G-string] gal₄-la-na-še₃ = loincloth [op. cit. + 12365 še₃]

[cpd gal4-la-ga2 cuneus as in Dumuzi ploughs Inanas] gal₄-la-𒂷 = cuneus (deeper sense) [122A9 gal₄ cuneus + 121B7 LA bending over / backside + 120B7 𒂷 house]

..

[proto MUG p2s]

Proto Cuneiform – see Ref.

..

122AA 𒊪 SAL LAGAB x ASH2

122AB 𒊫 SANGA₂ / saga₂ = [12x] priest

122AC 𒊬 SAR [377x] = to write | | sar [4917x] = garden; a unit of area; a unit of volume | SAKAR, MU₂, kiri₆= (fruit) plantation, orchard | determinative ^&sar; after garden / vegetables | šar[26x #2 behind 122B9 šar₂]= 3600; totality, world; (to be) numerous

[PLM] 𒊬 Jaritz #281 archaic variant of SAR – knot in a cord, fasten together – write – line up characters in a fixed order

cpd [cpd dub-sar scribe] dubsar [11320x] = scribe [1207E DUB tablet + 122AC SAR write]

[cpd ab-sar-re to write]ab-sar-re = to write [1200A AB cosmic + ~ + 12291 RE aux; that ]

cpd [cpd sar-ra-ka-ni garden plot] sar-ra-ka-ni = garden plot [122AC SAR garden + 1228F RA thresh + 12157 KA mouth + 1224C NI digest]

122AD 𒊭 SHA / ša = [74x]heart (variant cf. 122AE); [3x]official

uQQ[uQQ SHA2 NIG syllabary sh-] šá=NÍG[syllabary; numeric??]

122AE 𒊮 SHA₃ / ŠA₃, šag₄, tibula = [10808x] heart, center, interior

cpd [cpd a-sag4 field surface math] a-sag4 [9387x]= field, surface math.

ŠA₃ Variants:

122AF 𒊯 ~ x A; 122B0 𒊰 ~ x BAD; 122B1 𒊱 ~ x GISH; 122B2 𒊲 ~ x NE; 122B3 𒊳 ~ x SHU2; 122B4 𒊴 ~ x TUR; 122B5 𒊵 ~ x U; 122B6 𒊶 ~ x U + A

..

122B7 𒊷SHA₆, SAG₉ [826x]= good, sweet, beautiful

122B8 𒊸 SHAB₆ (šab₆) qqq [cf. 1219A KAM₂ ; numeric??]

122B9 𒊹 SHAR₂ / šar₂ [245x] = 3600; totality, world; (to be) numerous [True Etym.: 360° circle, inventors sexagesimal system; math table; etc. / {šar₂ is formed by making a circular indentation with the end of the stylus]

𒊹

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

122BA 𒊺 SHE / ŠE | niga, nigu = [28315x!] barley, grain; unit of length / area / volume / weight; shekel | True Etymology: origin of Hebrew term for money "she-kel" re price of bushel of grain | niga [12565x] = to be fattened

𒊺

Money, like certain other essential elements in civilization, is an institution that goes way further back than we are taught to believe … the oldest coin currency that we know is a Sumerian bronze piece dating from before 7000CT / 3000plagio.

[Sumerian Shekel History of Money Bernard Lietar]

'On one side of the coin is a representation of a sheaf of wheat, and on the other, Ishtar, the goddess of fertility.
The Sumerians called it the "Shekel" where "She" meant wheat, "Kel" [12086] was a measurement similar to a bushel, hence this coin was a symbol of a value of one bushel of wheat. (The word “shekel” survives in modern Hebrew as Israel's monetary unit.) The original shekel had as its purpose payment for sacred prostitution at the temple of Ishtar, which was the temple of life and death. The temple, as well as being a ritual center, was the storage place for the reserves of wheat that supported the priesthood, and also the community in lean times. So farmers fulfilled their religious and social obligations by bringing their contributions of wheat to the temple, and receiving in exchange a shekel coin, entitling them to a visit with the temple prostitutes at the festival time. All this also must be understood in its cultural context: The sacred prostitutes were representatives of the goddess, and relations with them was relations with the goddess of fertility herself, nothing to take lightly…' The Future of Money, Bernard Lietaer '1997
..
'…coinage was arranged according to the sexagesimal numbering system developed earlier by the Sumerians:
ie. 1, 60 [1x60], and 3600 [122B9 (60x60]
...lowest denomination was a "shekel", then a "mina" [1223E] and finally a "talent" [12118]
1 mina = 60 shekels. 1 talent = 60 mina [3600 shekels].
The mina weighted about 500 gms., and the talent about 30 kgs.
These coins were used to pay for property, buy goods and services, pay fines, pay taxes, etc.
Some examples of the use of the shekel from one of the later law codes inscribed on the cuneiform tablets:
"The price of one gur [12125] of barley is one shekel of silver".
"The price of 2 gurs of salt is one shekel of silver".
"The price of one hal [1212C] seed is one shekel of silver".
"The wage of a labourer is one shekel of silver and his food one ban of barley and he has to serve for this wage for one month"…
Some information on the relative value of the coins and the wealth that each represented... The scribe is lauding the benevolent king for his protection of the poor. "He saw to it that … the man of one shekel did not fall a prey to the man of one mina (sixty shekels) …" '
[more]
..

122BB𒊻 SHE-HU, uz [57x] = wild duck

122BC 𒊼 SHE/SHE GAD/GAD GAR/GAR;

122BD 𒊽 SHE/SHE TAB /TAB GAR/GAR | garadin₃ [0x] = bundle (of reeds), stack of sheaves; grain stack

122BE 𒊾 SHEG₉ [11x] = snow; sleet; cold weather; frost, ice; burning, incineration; chills, shivers

122BF 𒊿 SHEN, ALAL ??, PÌSAN, DUR₁₀, ŠEN [107x]= bucket, cauldron

122C0 𒋀SHESH / ŠEŠ [1579x] = brother; junior worker, assistant |urin(uri₃, uru₃) [56x] = standard | cpd ~ + 12015 [cpd UR-IM2-ki Ur v1] URIM = (standard of) Ur | cf. 12336 𒌶

122C1 𒋁 SHESH₂ / šeš₂,še_8, = [54x] to weep | annoint ??

122C2 𒋂 SHESHLAM / šešlamqqq | cf. šešlam2 [cpd sheshlam2][UNMNG]

122C3 𒋃 SHID / ŠID, ŠIT / SHIT! ŠITI, LAG | 𒋃 sagga [1862x] (sanga, sangu, 𒋃 saga₈) = an official, the chief administrator of a temple household | 𒋃 (nesag₂) [661x] = first-fruit offering; a storage place | šid [292x] = count(ing); number; half (shares); to count [calculate] | silag [0x] = body part

122C4 𒋄 ~ x A; 122C5 𒋅 ~ x IM

122C6 𒋆 SHIM / šim [819x] = beer, beer malt – cf. 12049 𒁉 kaš [13889x] | [35x] type of basin | ŠEM, LUNGA = scent (aromatic substance)

ŠIM Variants

122C7 𒋇 ~ x A; 122C8 𒋈 ~ x BAL; 122C9 𒋉 ~ x BULUG | šembulug₃ [OB resin; tree]; 122CA 𒋊 ~ x DIN

122CB 𒋋 ~ x GAR, bappir [64x #3 behind 1204B𒁋_bappir3 ] = an ingredient in beer-making, spice

122CC 𒋌 ~ x IGI;

122CD𒋍 ~ x IGI gunu | šembi [38x] = eye makeup, kohl; antimony paste; to anoint, smear on

122CE 𒋎 ~ x KUSHU2; 122CF 𒋏 ~ x LUL; 122D0 𒋐 ~ x MUG; 122D1 𒋑 ~ x SAL

..

122D2 𒋒 SHINIG / šinig = [28x] tamarisk(small shrub with needle-shaped leaves) | cf 12240 𒉀

122D3 𒋓 SHIR / ŠIR, NU₁₁, SIR₄ = [13x] testicle; bulb

122D4 𒋔 SHIR tenu x NU11 tenu

122D5 𒋕 SHIR/SHIR BUR/BUR x NU11/NU11 BUR/BUR

122D6 𒋖 SHITA / šita [17x] = priest; ~ figurine

122D7 𒋗 SHU / ŠU [2785x] = hand | ŠU+GIR = ring

cpd [cpd shu-nigin2 total sum 18294x] šu-nigin₂ [18294x] = sum, total [ ~ + 121B8 LAGAB encircle]

[cpd shu-kal-le-tud-da PN] šu-kal-le-tud-da = Šukaletuda (PN) [122D7 ŠU hand + 12197 KAL mighty + 121F7 LE branch + 12305 TU small, priest + 12055 DA line]

122D8 𒋘 SHU/INVERTED SHU

122D9 𒋙 SHU₂ (šu₂) | šuš₂ [281x] = to cover, to spread over; to envelop, overwhelm; covering; to sink down; to cloud over; surface; to raise (clothes)

122DA 𒋚 SHUBUR / ŠUBUR, ŠA[H breve cap], ŠA[H breve cap]₂ [1117x] = pig | determinative ^&cah2; pigs

cf uQQ [uQQ shul young man 305x] šul[shul; 305x]= (to be) manly; youth; young man

122DB 𒋛 SI = [401x] to fill, load up; to draw water; to brew beer |[262x]horn | finger; fret

cpd [cpd bi2-ib-si-si filled] bi₂-ib-si-si = fill [12248 bi₂ carry + 12141 IB oval + 122DB SI fill]

[cpd si-si-de3 fill fire]si-si-de₃ = fill and carry

[cpd im-mi-ib2-si-si fill draw water] im-mi-ib₂-si-si = draw / fill (water from well) [1214E IM storm, anger + 1222A MI black + 12308 ib2 cross-beam (of well) + 122DB SI x2 fill]

[cpd u5 high water] u₅ = high water [12137mušen bird + ~ ]

[PLM]𒋛a combination, the top element… "sitting bird", "egg-like" = "bird" (but also possibly "brood")

122DC 𒋜 SI gunu

122DD 𒋝 SIG [343x] = (to be) weak; (to be) low; (to be) thin; (to be) narrow

122DE 𒋞 SIG₄, šeg₁₂ [572x] = clay / mud brick | MURGU [363x] = shoulder, back

[PLM]sig(a)₄, "(dried) brick", depicts "three bricks/tiles forming a zig-zag pattern":𒋞

122DF 𒋟 SIG4/SIG4 SHU2

122E0 𒋠 SIK₂, SIG₂, SIKI [4753x] = wool, fleece; hair; (animal"s) pelt [*cf. True Etym. siki => silk]

122E1 𒋡 SILA₃ [43696x!!!] = a unit of capacity (= 1 litre, Oxford Handbook Cuneiform p64); a vessel

122E2 𒋢 SU, KUŠ [3818x] = skin, hide, leather, fur; person; [54x] submerge; [495x] flesh, body, entrails | determinative ^&kuc; before words for items made of leather

122E3 𒋣 SU/SU

uQQ [uQQ SU4 SI4 to be red brown 184x]SU₄, SI₄ [184x] = to be red, brown

122E4 𒋤 SUD, ŠUD / shud [488x] = (to be) distant; (to be) remote, long-lasting; (to be) profound | SIR, BUgunû = pull; spread; sail; run

122E5 𒋥 SUD₂ = grind, bite ??

122E6 𒋦 SUHUR [3x] = to trim or comb the hair |head hair | cf. munsub₂

122E7 𒋧SUM, ŠUM₂, SI₃ = give [True Etymology: 'sum' (total, add up); Greek 'sigma'] | sig₁₀ (si) [836x] = to cast; to fashion

cpd [cpd im-ma-ni-sig10 place] im-ma-ni-sig₁₀ = to cast (an eye) [1214E IM mud, storm + 12220 MA approach + 1224C NI finish + 122E7 cast]

122E8 𒋨 SUMASH / sumaš | sumaš^ku6 [49x] = an oceanic fish

122E9𒋩 SUR [82x] = to squeeze, press; to flash; to drip; to rain; to milk – cpd[cpd ngesh-sur dick-press urinate] geš3+sur = phallus + squeeze / milk = urinate | [82x] = half | cf. 120FB 𒃻 bread; thing

122EA 𒋪 SUR₉ = [plectrum, musical??]

122EB 𒋫 TA (dá) [85x] = what? | as much as (math./ quantity), from [preposition]

122EC 𒋬 TA = asterisk [= star = TAra] cf. 1202D

122ED 𒋭 TA x HI, LAL₃ [241x]= syrup, honey

122EE 𒋮 TA x MI; 122EF 𒋯 TA gunu

122F0 𒋰 TAB, MIN [0x!] = 2 ["2" / two numeric] | TAB [740x] = to double; to repeat; companion, partner, friend | cf. more used 1222B𒈫[959x] | True Etym.: tab (key); tabulate

122F1 𒋱 TAB/TAB NI/NI DISH/DISH

122F2 𒋲 TAB sq

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

122F3 𒋳 TAG [266x] = to touch, take hold of; to bind – True Etym.: tag, touch (tuku); to attack | šum [63x] = slaughter | TUKU₅ [151x] = beat, strike of cloth; to weave | TIBIR [26x] = hand | ZIL₂ = good, beneficent

122F4 𒋴 ~ x BI;122F5 𒋵 ~ x GUD;122F6 𒋶 ~ x SHE;122F7 𒋷 ~ x SHU;

122F8 𒋸 ~ x TUG2;122F9 𒋹 ~ x UD

122FA 𒋺 TAK₄, (da₁₃) [667x] = to set aside, leave behind; to save, keep back, hold back

122FB 𒋻 TAR = [237x] to cut down; to untie, loosen; to scatter, disperse | sila [238x] = street | kud, ku₅ [1111x] = to break off, deduct; to separate, cut off; to cut; to incise; to decide; to make clear | disease

122FC 𒋼 TE = cheek; to pierce, penetrate, [31x] membrane | cpd [cpd IM MA TE approach] im-ma-te = approach, landing [1214E IM wind + 12220 flow + 122FC TE approach, land cf. 12312 UB as in kiss]

cpd [cpd IM-TE-A-NI him her -self] (im/) ni₂-te-a-ni = penetrate; inspect [inspected

1214E IM storm + 122FC TE cheek; penetrate; membrane + 12000 A cry of woe + 1224C NI quiver]

122FD 𒋽 TE gunu = cf. cheek, pierce

122FE 𒋾 TI, TIL₃ [770x] = life,to live; to sit (down); to dwell |^UZUTI = rib

122FF 𒋿 TI tenu

12300 𒌀 TIL [627x] = (to be) complete(d); (to be) old, long-lasting; to end | ÚŠ, EŠE₃~AŠ.U | sumun = sun, old | cf. 𒁁 BAD 12041

12301 𒌁TIR [404x] = forest, wood; mud

12302 𒌂 ~ x TAK4 ; 12303 𒌃 ~/~; 12304 𒌄 ~/~ GAD/GAD GAR/GAR

12305𒌅 TU = priest [1x!] | sheep [4x!] | [16x] small | TU+TUR^MUŠEN = little dove

12306 𒌆 TUG, TUG₂ [5078x] = textile,garment (TU₉, dul_5; [379x] bar-dul₅) | usually as determinative ^&tug2; garments | eš₂ | še₃, = towards | gi₇, gir₁₅, zi₃, zid_{2 |} azlag₂ = fuller (cleans thickens woven cloth)| TUG₂, TU₉, NAM₂ | cf.12247 𒉇| True Etym.: Roman toga

cpd [cpd TUG2-DARA4 loincloth belt sash girdle G string] ^tug₂dara₄= (Inana"s) loinclth, sash, G-String, belt [~ + 12071 dara4 = red, brown, blood]

12307 𒌇 TUK, tuku = powerful able-bodied (cpd a₂-tuku); proud | TUG = anger

12308 𒌈 TUM, (du₄) | ib₂[36x] = hips; middle | ib₂[35x] = (to be) angry; to curse | tum [19x] cross-beam| cf. mi-iq-tum (miqtum, mi-gal₂-tum) social class

12309𒌉 TUR | DUMU [28245xxx!] = child, son; apprentice | TUR [1719x] (to be) small; to reduce, diminish; to subtract; (to be) young

cpd [cpd dumu-munus daughter 660x] dumu-munus [660x] = daughter [ ~ + 122A9 MUNUS cuneus]

[cpd lu2-tur child son] lu₂-tur [35x] = son [121FD lu₂ hot rod + ~ ]

1230A𒌊 TUR/TUR ZA/ZA

1230B 𒌋 U (vowel, basic cuneus); “10“; BUR₃ = hole | U[H breve cap]₇ = curse, bewitch | 121E5𒇥 NÍGINxU) = PÚ = well (encircled area+hole) | šu₄ [24x] = totality, world | burud_x(U)(bur₃, buru₃)[49x] = breach, hole; depression, low-lying area, depth; to perforate / penetrate; (to be) deep | šu₄ = anus | šuš₂ (šu₄)[74x #2 behind 122D9 šu₂] = to cover, to spread over; to envelop, overwhelm; covering; to sink down; to cloud over; surface; to raise | bur₃ [54x #2 behind 12053𒁓 BUR 67x]= a unit of area; a unit of volume | ge₁₄ = stylus cuneus | [winkelhaken = angle hook]

[PLM]𒌋means "hole", and reads both u, "(oral) cavity", and hu3 "anus ("anal sphincter" or "anal cavity")". This is supported by another reading of this same sign: *šu4 (for *šü4), "excrement-palm", the left hand being used mandatorily for the hygiene of unclean bodily functions. It is, to this day, a serious insult to offer a MidEasterner the left hand as a greeting because of the traditional use of the left hand.

1230C 𒌌U-GUD, ul [161x] = (to be) distant (in time); distant time

cpd [nigul g breve txt] (nigul) [cpd NIG2-UL everlasting thing eternity immortality 33x] [nig2 g breve thing possession]-ul (nig₂-ul) [33x] = an everlasting possession [𒀔 = "MUGSAR Benefactor whose family has been assigned a sign, cpd or section forever!"; asset; eternity, immortality; cf. etym. god | 120FB [nig2 g breve thing possession] thing, possession + 1230C ul distant time]

1230D 𒌍U+U+U | ESH / EŠ = 30 (numeric) | UŠU₃ | SIN = moon

1230E 𒌎 U/U PA/PA GAR/GAR

1230F𒌏 U/U SUR/SUR |garadin₉ = sheaf, bundle (of reeds)

12310 𒌐 U/U U rev/U rev

12311 𒌑U₂ [4129x] = plant(s); food; bread, loaf; grass; herb; pasture; firewood |determinative ^&u2; plants

[12147] 𒅇ù / u3 [6340x] = and; but; also

12312 𒌒 UB = [78x] corner| ar₂ = [56x] praise, fame; [11x] ruin

12313 𒌓 UD / u₄ [29106xxx!] = sun, day, time / "Once, ..."; summer, heat, fever | UTU | tam, zalag, zimbir (ud.kib.nun), e₃ (ud.du) | babbar = white, shining | zabar = bronze | determinative ^&zabar; bronze | a₃h = dried, withered

cpd[cpd e3 UD-DU leave go out thread]e₃ (UD-DU) [1850x]= to leave, to go out; to thread, hang on a string; to remove, take away; to bring out; to enter; to bring in; to raise (sunrise), rear (a child); to sow; to rave; to winnow; to measure (grain) roughly (with a stick); to rent [~ + 1207A DU]

[cpd IM-TA-UD-DU-A-RA] im-ta-e₃-a-ra = sunrise

[cpd UD-BA day halved noon qq] ud-ba = day (open, halved, noon?, Later?) [~ + 12040 BA]

UD Variants:

12314 𒌔 UD KUSH U2 | u[h breve] [syl.] weathervane ??; 12315 𒌕 UD x BAD ; 12316 𒌖 UD x MI

12317 𒌗 UD x U + U + U | ITI (UD×EŠ) itud, itid [2145x cf 36175x ??] = moon, month

12318 𒌘 UD x U + U + U gunu;

12319 𒌙 UD gunu (murub₆₎ (muru₁₃₎[446x] = cuneus, rear – see 12260𒉠 murub₄

1231A 𒌚 UD sheshig (šešig), itud_x, ITI | UD x EŠ ITI₂ ~ ITI x BAD = month[0x!]

1231B 𒌛 UD sheshig x BAD

1231C 𒌜 UDUG = a demon (of desert, mountain, sea, tomb); ~ figurine ??

1231D 𒌝 UM = [34x] reed (stylus? writing / black hero comes next to wheel UMBIN!), stem of

cf. 1207E𒁾 DUB tablet; 12229𒈩mes(meš₃), kišib black hero

It's not just the Sumerians calling themselves black, the first professors are BLACK![cpd um-mi-a expert master craftsman scholar is BLACK 142x]um-mi-a = scholar, expert, craftsman [scholar 1231D UM reed stem (stylus/writing symbol, 1207E tablet var) + 1222AMI black + 12000 progeny]

1231E 𒌞 ~ x LAGAB; 1231F 𒌟 ~ x ME + DA; 12320 𒌠 ~ x SHA3; 12321 𒌡 ~ x U

..

Invention of the Wheel

12322 𒌢 UMBIN = wheel | cf. 1232B 𒌫 UR₂ (lynchpin), 122FA 𒋺 TAK₄, = hold back (the King's fancy hub caps)

[wheel invented 5000ya]

𒌢

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

12323 𒌣 UMUM, SIMUG [396x] = metalworker, smith [cf. True Etym. simug => smith] | umun₂ [16x] = knowledge; workshop

12324𒌤~ x KASKAL | DE₂ [702x] = to pour, to winnow

12325 𒌥 ~ x PA

12326 𒌦 UN | ug₃(ug₃, un) = [704x] people, KALAM= The Land (of Sumer)

cpd[cpd Black Sumerians] ùg sag gig.ga =Black Sumerians

12327 𒌧 UN gunu

12328 𒌨 UR = dog; ecstatic [cf. city of UR] | cpd [cpd NIG MUG MUNUS n UR dog] NIG ~ MUG + UR = bitch

12329 𒌩 UR +-ing UR; 1232A 𒌪 UR sheshig

1232B 𒌫UR₂ = phallus, loin limb, root, base

UR₂ Variants

1232C 𒌬 ~ x A + HA; 1232D 𒌭 ~ x A + NA ; 1232E 𒌮 ~ x AL; 1232F 𒌯 ~ x HA; 12330 𒌰 ~ x NUN; 12331 𒌱 ~ x U2; 12332 𒌲 ~ x U2 + ASH; 12333 𒌳 ~ x U2 + BI

12334 𒌴 UR₄ [612x]= to pluck; to gather, collect; to harvest

12335 𒌵 URI, BUR/BUR = [17x] vessel; 12335 uri-ke = Agade / Akkad [ ~ + 121A4 KE₄ open field]

12336 𒌶 UR_I3 qqq | cf. 122C0 𒋀 ŠEŠ [in cpd Ur / UMIN] = brother, assistant | cf. 120E3 𒃣 ur₁₄ [UNMNG]

12337 𒌷 URU, IRI [2070x] RÍ (ri₂), U₁₉ = Civilization = Black Sumerian city-dwellers

cpd[cpd DA-RI2 eternal 100x] dari [100x] = eternal [12055 da (line, writing board) + 12337 ri₂ (civilization)]

URU Variants:

12338 𒌸 ~ x A: 12339 𒌹 ~ x ASHGAB

1233A 𒌺 URU x BAR, ukkin / unkin = [69x] assembly

1233B 𒌻 ~ x DUN; 1233C 𒌼 ~ x GA; 1233D 𒌽 ~ x GAL; 1233E 𒌾 ~ x GAN2 tenu; 1233F 𒌿 ~ x GAR; 12340 𒍀 ~ x GU; 12341 𒍁 ~ x HA; 12342 𒍂 ~ x IGI; 12343 𒍃 ~ x IM; 12344 𒍄 ~ x ISH; 12345 𒍅 ~ x KI; 12346 𒍆 ~ x LUM;

12347 𒍇 ~ x MIN | ulu₃, lu₇ | cpds [cpd lu2-ulu3 to be human]lu₂-ulu₃= human [121FD lu₂ man + ~] | [cpd nam-lu2-ulu3 or lu7 humanity] namlulu = [117x] humanity [12246 NAM destiny + op. cit.]

12348 𒍈 ~ x PA; 12349 𒍉 ~ x SHE; 1234A 𒍊 ~ x SIG4; 1234B 𒍋 ~ x TU; 1234C 𒍌 ~ x U + GUD; 1234D 𒍍 ~ x UD

1234E 𒍎 URU x URUDA, banshur / banšur = [256x] table

..

1234F 𒍏 URUDA, urud [992x] = copper | dab₆ = [30x] go around | determinative ^&urud; copper / bronze

12350 𒍐 URUDA x U, TABIRA = copper

12351 𒍑 USH, UŠ, nita, nita[h breve] = [2267x] man, male, phallus | 𒍑 / geš₃ (giš₃) / gesh = phallus | [312x] unit of length | us₂ (uš) [9695x] = to accompany / follow / adjacent; (to be) of a lesser quality; to drag; to stretch; a qualification of grain; to thresh (grain) by treading; to coagulate? | us₂ [4087x] = side, edge; path | us₂[109x]= to lean on, impose; to check | determinative ^&m; before male names

[PLM] 𒍑 The Sumerian sign (Jaritz #424), depicts phallus with scrotum. Its main reading is uš (for *ûš), which means "cohabit, impregnate, stud-animal", representing "surround-excrete". The Sumerian word can be found in PIE (Proto-Indo-European): *wes-, "dampen, wet, male animal", and *wegw-, "damp, sprinkle".

cpds

[cpd ngesh-dug dick-speak copulate]geš₃-dug₄[46x] = mating [~ + 12157dug₄ perform]

[cpd ngesh-du dick-build copulate]geš₃-du_{3 (/KAK)} = mating [ ~ + 12195 du₃ perform]

[cpd ngesh-zig dick-rise have an erection]geš₃-zig (12363) = erection [ ~ + 12363zig rise]

[cpd mu-ush gesh2 variant sixty 60 erection qq] mu-USH (mu-uš) = 60 variant; erection??

[cpd ngesh-sur dick-press urinate] geš₃-sur = urinate [ ~ + 122E9 sur squeeze / milk]

[cpd im-ma-ni-in-dug4 fuk] IM-MA-NI-IN-KA/dug₄ = mating [1214E IM storm + 12220 MA flow + 1224C NI quiver + 12154 IN = abuse, rape + 12157 dug4 / KA = perform, mating]

12352 𒍒 ~ x A; 12353 𒍓 ~ x KU; 12354 𒍔 ~ x KUR; 12355 𒍕 ~ x TAK4

12356 𒍖 USH_X qqq | cf. 12230 𒈰 hair

12357 𒍗USH₂ / uš₂ = [3556x] to die; to be dead; to kill; death | [50x] = blood; gore | [2x] = dead / dry reed (stylus) | ug₇ [259x] = plural and imperfect singular stem of uš (to die) | cf. 12041 𒁁 BAD remote

12358 𒍘 USHUM = serpent | cf. USHUM.GAL = dragon (big serpent)

12359 𒍙 UTUKI = prob. honorific suffix | 3 signs: 12300𒌀 TIL = complete, end; sun + 12155𒅕 IR = ask, divinate + ?? ; could be a link to 12232 𒈲 MUŠ = snake| cf. Marduk is derived from the Sumerian Amar-utu(ki) (see 1202B 𒀫) “the heifer [young cow?] of the sun-spirit”

1235A 𒍚 UZ3, uzud(ud₅, uz₃)[3299x]= (female) goat

1235B 𒍛 UZ3 x KASKAL

1235C 𒍜UZU [274x] = flesh cf. SIG+UZU hit + flesh = TUD to beat / whip | determinative &uzu; body parts

1235D 𒍝 ZA, LIMMU₅ [11x] = 4 ["4" four numeric; cf. more used 121F9 𒇹 limmu₂[1759x] | NIGIDA LIMMU, DIŠ/DIŠ+DIŠ/DIŠ | ZA = [113x] man; [43x] bead, gem; [113x] CVVE | cpd [cpd ZA-E you 468x]ZA-E = you [~ + 1208A E interjection]

1235E𒍞 ZA tenu | ad4 [5x] = crippled

1235F 𒍟 ZA sq x KUR

12360 𒍠 ZAG, ZA₃ [902x] = side; arm; shoulder; border, boundary, district; limit; right side, the right

cpd [cpd zag-bi boundary open limitless] zag-bi = boundary open – endless [12360 ZAG boundary + 12049 BI open]

12361 𒍡 ZAM_X

12362 𒍢 ZE₂ = you; live | zi₂ [157x] = cut | cf. give | la (lalamu) [66x] = lust, backside

12363 𒍣 ZI, ZID | zig₃ (zi) [8574x] = to issue; to levy, raise, muster; to expend; to swell / rise (have an erection)[cpd ngesh-zig dick-rise have an erection] 𒍑 /geš3+zig | zid (zi) = [1475x]right; to be right, true, loyal, faithful | [815x] life, to breathe, self | syll.: sé, sí, ze, zi, | ZI+GA = insurgency, attack

12364 𒍤ZI/ZI

12365 𒍥 ZI₃, zid₂, the real ESH₂ / eš₂ (eše₂) še₃ [7223x] = flour | [62x] rope, string [G-string - loincloth], thong (leather strip) | PSD as 𒍥 italic perhaps to distinguish from 120A0 (see note) 𒂠 native

cpd [cpd-ni-ne-esh] i₃-ne-eš₂ [ETCSL] = now Akk. Inanna [1224C NI time passes + 12248 NE fire; this + 12365 eš₂ string (loincloth)]

12366 𒍦 ZIB = [16x] a mark; token; colour, paint

12367 𒍧ZIB KABA tenu

12368 𒍨 ZIG = lower body

12369 𒍩 ZIZ₂ [2856x] = wheat, work team

1236A 𒍪 ZU [964x] = to know; learn

cpds[cpd ABZU abyss cosmic under water] ABZU = abyss [1200A AB cosmic sea + 1236A ZU know]

[cpd nu-mu-un-zu-a know] nu-mu-un-zu-a = not know [(in all of Sumer) 12261 NU not + 1222C MU name + 12326 UN (KALAM / Sumer) + 1236A ZU know + 12000 A bemoan]

1236B 𒍫 ZU₅ = doctor | cf. a-zu [81x]; a-zu₅ [11x; 12000 A water + ~]

1236C 𒍬 ZU5 x A

1236D 𒍭ZUBUR [UNMNG] | cf. 12367 𒍧

1236E 𒍮 ZUM [37x] = revolve [on what!] | haš₄ (hash₄) = lower body, abdomen; thigh

[END]

A | Major Lemma | *QF* | Contents | Top

***

MUGSAR 4-WAY

[MUGSAR 4WAY logo]

1. unicode 2. sign 3. lemma 4. translation [28x12013CT] 444

Current WIP 4-Way Library:

Very Common Signs | top | Contents | *QF*

Sumerians – Kings of the Earthlings

Firstly, the issue over the more correct cuneiform. Clearly, it make much more sense that "gi" 12100 reed stylus (writing => knowledge => power; reed marsh of Tigris and Euphrates delta) should be the one we use. Rather than the much less used non-Sumerian, later Babylonian "gir₁₅" 120A0 (local), as shown at PSD for the individual logogram, 4900x to 7x, and the compound for Sumerian language "eme.gi" 21x over "eme.gir₁₅" only 1x, in the older period. And similarly for tablets refering to the King of Sumer, mainly use [cpd KI-EN-GI Sumer 2] "ki.en.gi", rather than ki.en.gir₁₅ e.g. the famous Ur-Nammu tablet (see below, also ETCSL, e.g.1: Poem Išme-Dagan (c.2.5.4.01), line c25401.A.364; e.g.2: “Then the Martu peoples, who know no agriculture, arose in all Sumer…”, c1822.369). So why do the elites misquote the cuneiform sign actually used?!

Also see Proto Language Monosyllables – Patrick Ryan clearly knows what he is talking about, “…Emegi, the language of males in Sumer, differs in some interesting ways from equivalent forms inEmesal, the language of females…”

[eme-gir15 vs eme-gi]

[12174 'eme' = tongue, language + 12100 GI reed / write]

One can imagine that the Sumerians were dominant and respected by other states because they could write, hence the emphasis on reed stylus. Thus they were looked on as, “Kings of the Earthlings because the stylus is mightier than the sword”.

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

..

[ki en gi cuneiform]

4-Way follows…

Inana lady (wonder) come to pass Ur-Nammu the mighty man

12239	cpd	12000	1224C	cpd	cpd
[cpd-d-inana 25]	[cpd NIN lady mistress 1467x]	𒀀	𒉌	[cpd Ur-Nammu]	[cpd NITAH KALAG mighty]
dinana	nin	a	ni	Ur-Nammu	[cpd txt nitah breve]
Inana determ. 1202D AN+ 12239 MUŠ3	lady, mistress 122A9 MUG cuneus + 12306 TUG2 garment	bemoan / sigh of wonder ; progeny; (water)	comes to pass	(Ur-Engur) 12328 UR dog, city? + determ. 1202D AN+ 121C9 cosmic waters	mighty man 12351 NITA[H breve cap] male + 12197 KALAG mighty + 120B5 GA suckling, young

King of Ur, King of Sumer and Akkad

cpd	cpd	cpd
[cpd LUGAL URIM KI MA King of Ur]	[cpd LUGAL KI-EN-GI KI King of Sumer]	[cpd URI-KE Agade Akkad]
lugal ur-im-ki	lugal ki-en-gi ki	uri-ke
King of Ur 12217 LUGAL King + cpd Ur-im + 121A0 KI city	King of Sumer 12217 LUGAL King + Sumer: “121A0 KI cosmic world + 12097 EN lord + 12100 GI place of reeds stylus, writing, knowledge, power” + 121A0 KI city	and Akkad 12335 URI vessel, (Akkad) + 121A4 KE4 open field

..

temple build

cpd	cpd
[cpd E-A-NI temple]	[cpd mu-na-du build]
e-a-ni	mu-na-du
temple 1208D E2 temple + aux a-ni: “12000 A wonder + 1224C NI timelessness”	build 1222C MU year, name + 1223E NA pestle + 12195 DU build

Sumerians called themselves“black-headed people”

cpd

[cpd Black Sumerians]

ùg3-sag-gíg2-ga

Sumerians 12326 ùg3 people (KALAM Sumer) + 12295 sag head + 1222A gíg2 black + 120B5 ga carry / aux.

Examples in tablets follow…

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

There in the tablets, “black people” are the “city-dwellers” and “rulers of Sumer”

Cont. from Inana | 4-Way top | TOC

231. His father replied to the boy;

232. his father replied to Šukaletuda:

233. “My son, you should join the city-dwellers your brothers the rulers of Sumer.

234. Go at once to the black-headed people, your brothers!

235. Then this woman [Inana] will not find you in the lands of Sumer.”

236. He joined the city-dwellers, his brothers all together.

237. He went at once to the black-headed people, his brothers,

238. and the woman did not find him in the lands.

[ETCSL: c133.231]

231. lu₂-tur ad-da-ni mu-na-ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄

232. šu-kal-/le\-tud-da ad-[da-ni] mu-na-ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄

233. dumu-gu₁₀ iri šeš-zu [h breve e2]-eb-us₂-en

234. sag gig₂ šeš-zu-ne giri3 gub-ba gen-na

235. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad₃-de₃-en

236. iri šeš-a-ni ni2-bi-a im-us2

237. sag gig₂ šeš-a-ni giri3 gub-ba im-gen

238. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3

4-Way follows…

Inana & Šukaletuda (c.1.3.3), line c133.231 [cont from Inana 138b]

231. lu₂-tur ad-da-ni mu-na-ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄

[ETCSL: His father replied to the boy]

son father for a time tossed the problem around

cpd	cpd	cpd
[cpd lu2-tur child son]	[cpd ad-da-ni dad father]	[cpd mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4 return]
lu2-tur	ad-da-ni	mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4
son 121FD lu2 male + 12309 TUR son	father 1201CAD father +12055 DA line (gen.) + 1224C NI in time	tossed the problem around 1222C MU year, dear, name, son + 1223E NA pestle + 1224C NI comes to pass + 12141 IB oval + 12104 x2 gi4-gi4 (conversation) reply

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.231 (or c133.177)

..

232. šu-kal-/le\-tud-da ad-[da-ni] mu-na-ni-ib-gi₄-gi₄

[ETCSL: his father replied to Šukaletuda]

Šukaletuda father for a time tossed the problem around

cpd	cpd	cpd
[cpd shu-kal-le-tud-da PN]	[cpd ad-da-ni dad father]	[cpd mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4 return]
šu-kal-le-tud-da	ad-da-ni	mu-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4
Šukaletuda 122D7 ŠU hand + 12197 KAL mighty + 121F7 LE branch + 12305 TU small + 12055 DA line	father op. cit.	advised op. cit.

etcsl.ohinst.ox…c133.232

233. dumu-gu10 iri šeš-zu [h breve e2]-eb-us2-en [Inana-Šukaletuda c133.233]

[ETCSL: "My son, you should join the city-dwellers your brothers.]

son city-dwellers your brothers get protection from them the rulers of Sumer

12309	12337	122C0	cpd
[cpd dumu-mu son]	𒌷	[cpd shesh-zu brother]	[cpd gan-eb-us2-en join]
dumu-gu10	iri	šeš-zu	[h breve e2]-eb-us2-en
son 12309 TUR son + 1222C gu10 dear, son	city-dwellers	brothers 122C0 šeš brother + 1236A ZU know	get protection from the rulers of Sumer 120F6 [h breve e2] be he + 12141 IB oval + 12351 us2 lean on + 12097 EN rulers of Sumer

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.233

..

234. sag gig2 šeš-zu-ne giri3 gub-ba gen-na [Inana-Šukaletuda c133.234]

[ETCSL: Go at once to the black-headed people, your brothers!]

black people your brothers hop to it go

12295	1222A	122C0|12248	1210A	1207A	cpd
𒊕	𒈪	[cpd shesh-zu brother]𒉈	𒄊	[cpd DU-BA stand]	[cpd DU-NA go]
sag	gig2	šeš-zu-ne	giri3	gub-ba	gen-na
head / people	black	brothers your op. cit. | 12248 NE these / your	foot; path, via	stand 1207A DU stand + 12040 BA split	go 1207A gen go + 1223E pestle

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.234

235. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3-de3-en

[ETCSL: Then this woman [Inana] will not find you in all the lands.”]

That woman! interior of all the land talking did not find in Sumer the rapist

122A9	122AE	cpd	cpd
[cpd munus e my cunteus]	𒊮	[cpd kur-kur-ra-ka lands talking]	[cpd nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3-de3-en could not find in Sumer]
munus-e	šag4	kur-kur-ra-ka	nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3-de3 EN
That woman! munus + 1208AE interjection	interior	in all the land talking (about the rape) 121B3 KURlands + 1228F RA aux. + 12157 KA talk	not find in Sumer the rapist (of Inana) op. cit. pad3. + 12097 EN abbrev. for Sumer

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.235

..

236. iri šeš-a-ni ni2-bi-a im-us2

[ETCSL: He joined the city-dwellers, his brothers all together.]

city dwellers his brothers in time all together joined

12337	cpd	cpd	12351
𒌷	[cpd shesh-a-ni brother2]	[cpd ni2-bi-a itself]	[cpd im-us2 join adjacent]
iri	šeš-a-ni	ni2-bi-a	im-us2
city-dwellers	brothers his 122C0 šeš brother + 12000 A bemoan + 1224C NI in time	themselves (1224E ni2 + 12049 BI + 12000 A) [see ETCSL]	joined 1214E IM copula+ 12351 us2 accompany, follow

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.236

237. sag gig2 šeš-a-ni giri3 gub-ba im-gen

[ETCSL: He went at once to the black-headed people, his brothers,]

black people his brothers hopping to it went

12295	1222A	cpd	1210A	1207A	cpd
𒊕	𒈪	[cpd shesh-a-ni brother2]	𒄊	[cpd DU-BA stand]	[cpd im-gen went]
sag	gig2	šeš-a-ni	giri3	gub-ba	im-gen
head / people	black	brothers his op. cit. 236	foot op. cit. 234	stand op. cit. 234	went 1214E IM copula + 1207A gen go

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.237

..

238. munus-e šag4 kur-kur-ra-ka nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3

[ETCSL: and the woman did not find him in the land.]

That woman! interior of all the land did not find the rapist

122A9	122AE	cpd	cpd
[cpd munus e my cunteus]	𒊮	[cpd kur-kur-ra-ka lands talking]	[cpd nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3 could not find]
munus-e	šag4	kur-kur-ra-ka	nu-um-ma-ni-in-pad3
That woman! op. cit. 235	interior	in the land op. cit.	not find the rapist (of Inana) op. cit. pad3.

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.238

[END extract] | 231 | 4-Way top | TOC

ETCSL Search: “black-headed people” sag-gig2 (-ga)

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

137-148. The francolin …… to the …… of its ……. The francolin …… to the birthplace of Dumuzid. Like a pigeon on its window ledge it took counsel with itself; the francolin in its shelter took counsel. Only his mother Durtur can gladden my master! Only his mother Durtur can gladden Dumuzid! My goddess, born in Kuara, the maiden who is the crown of all ……, the admiration and acclaim of the black-headed people, the playful one who also voices laments and the cries, who intercedes before the king — Geštin-ana, the lady, did …….

..

137. […]-ba-še3 buru5-?abrudmušen-e nam /il2\

138. ki-ulutim2 ddumu-zid-da-še3 buru5-[h breve]abrudmušen-e […]

139. tum12mušen-gin7 ab-lal3-ba ni2-bi-a ad-e-eš ba-ni-ib2-gi4

140. buru5-[h breve]abrudmušen-e a2-bur2-ba ad-e-eš ba-ni-ib-gi4

141. lugal-gu10 ama-ni ddur7-/tur\-ra-am3 i3-[h breve]ul2-le

142. ddumu-zid-de3 ama-ni <ddur7-tur-ra-am3 i3-[h breve]ul2-le>

143. in-nin-gu10 u3-tud-da kuaraki

144. ki-sikil amar sig7-ga men-bi

145. u6 di nig2-me-gar sag gig2-ga

146. e-ne dug4-dug4 i-lu akkil dug4-dug4

147. nam-šita dug4-dug4 lugal-la […]

148. dgeštin-an-na-ke4 nin […]

–

c.1.3.2/Tr/Gl sag gig2-ga šir3-re-eš bi2-ib-ra

She shall determine fates. She shall apportion the divine powers among the Anuna, the great gods. And as for you, I will place in your hands the lives of the black-headed people.” When you get there, let the woman I have chosen for her beauty …… her mother. Do not go to her empty-handed, but take her some jewellery in your left hand. Waste no time. Return with her answer quickly.”

–

31-38. In the Gagiššua of the great palace, where she renders verdicts with grandeur, he made the great mother Ninlil glad. Enlil and Ninlil relished it there. In its great dining hall, the trustworthy hero chosen by Nunamnir made them enjoy a magnificent meal: the E-kur was rejoicing. They looked with approval at the shepherd Ur-Namma, and the Great Mountain decreed a great destiny for Ur-Nammu for all time, making him the mightiest among his black-headed people.

..

31. ga2-giš-šu2-a /e2\-gal ma[h breve]-di gal ku5-ru-da-ni

32. /ama\ gal dnin-lil2-ra ul mu-na-ni-in-de6

33. den-lil2 dnin-lil2-bi dug3 mi-ni-in-gal2-le-eš

34. unu2 gal-ba šul zid mu pad3-da dnu-nam-nir-ra-ka (zi-kir šu-mi)

35. ninda ma[h breve] am3-mi-ni-dug3 e2-kur [h breve]ul2-la-am3

36. igi zid mu-un-ši-in-bar-re-eš sipad dur-dnamma-ra

37. kur gal-e sipad dur-dnamma-ra nam gal ud su3-ra2-še3 mu-ni-in-tar

38. sag gig2-ga-na a2 mi-ni-in-ma[h breve]

–

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

ETCSL translation : t.2.5.3.4

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.2.5.3.4

A šir-namerima (?) for Iddin-Dagan (Iddin-Dagan D)

1-2. Great lady, majestic physician to the black-headed, holy Ninisina, daughter of An, may you be praised!

3-9. Lady whose tempest, like a raging storm, …… the interior of heaven and the trembling earth, whose upraised fierce face, like a fire, rips the bodies of the enemy; who, like a dragon, does not bring up venom in her place where ……, paws of a lion, sharpened knives, claws constantly dripping blood, …… which prick the body with fear! When you draw through the flesh the scalpel and the lancet, knives like lion's claws — the bodies of the black-headed people tremble because of you!

..

1. nin gal <a>-zu ma[h breve] sag gig2-ga

2. kug dnin-isin2si-na dumu an-na me-teš2 [h breve e2]-i-i

3. nin tum9u18-lu-ni ud mir-a-gin7 an-šag4-a ki[h breve] dub2-bu X

4. dgibil6-gin7 igi /[h breve]uš il2\-la-ni erim2-ma su dar-dar-re

5. ušumgal-gin7 ki KA X-a-na uš11-bi nu-ed3-de3

6. /šu pirig\-ga2 giri2 u3-sar ak umbin uš2 biz-biz-biz

7. su X [H breve cap]A E de2-de3 ni2 su-a ru-ru-gu2

8. giri2-zal bulug-kig2-gur4 giri2 pirig-ga2-gin7 uzu e3-a-zu-uš

9. ug3 sag gig2 su ma-ra-sag3-sag3-ge

–

A praise poem of [H breve cap]ammu-rabi

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.2.8.2.1

1-17.

1 line fragmentary …… acting as its lord ……

7 lines fragmentary …… the black-headed ……. …… the Euphrates ……. …… the Tigris …….

10. […]-zu X um-ma-ri sag gig2-ga [(…)] /IM?\ en GIL

–

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.5.5.4

18-27. Here, {in {"Where Flesh Came Forth"} {(1 ms. has instead:) "Where Flesh Grew"} (the name of a cosmic location) , he set this very hoe (al) to work;} {(1 other ms. has instead:) in "Where Flesh Grew" the unassailable (?),} he had it place the first model of mankind in the brick mould. His Land started to break through the soil towards Enlil. He looked with favour at his black-headed people. Now the Anuna gods stepped forward to him, and did (gal) obeisance to him. They calmed Enlil with a prayer, for they wanted to demand (al-dug) the black-headed people from him. Ninmena, the lady who had given birth to the ruler, who had given birth to the king, now set (algaga) human reproduction going.

..

18. {{uzu-e3-a} {(1 ms. has instead:) uzu-mu2-a} gišal am3-mi-ni-in-du3}

{

(1 other ms. has instead the line:)

18A. uzu-mu2-a sag nu-ga2-ga2-de3

}

19. sag nam-lu2-ulu3 u3-šub-ba mi-ni-in-gar

20. den-lil2-še3 kalam-ma-ni ki mu-un-ši-in-dar-re

21. sag gig2-ga-ni-še3 igi zid mu-ši-in-bar

22. da-nun-na mu-un-na-sug2-sug2-ge-eš

23. šu-bi giri17-ba mu-un-ne-gal2

24. den-lil2 a-ra-zu-a mu-ni-in-[h breve]ug-e-ne

25. ug3 sag gig2-ga al mu-un-da-be2-ne

26. nin en u3-tud-de3 lugal u3-tud-de3

27. dnin-men-na-ke4 tud-tud al-ga2-ga2

–

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.5.3.6

1-10.

2 lines fragmentary of Enlil ……. Small ten-shekel pieces of silver ……

6 lines fragmentary … unknown no. of lines missing

1-11.

5 lines fragmentary …… in aromatic oil of cedar ……. …… humans, the black-headed people. Let him anoint each with my …… aromatic oil of cedar. …… it is an abomination to my king.

..

7. […] /lu2\-ulu3 ug3 sag gig2-ge

8. […] i3 šim gišerin-na-ga2-ta-am3 [h breve]a-mu-ta-/šeš4\-e

9. […][H breve cap]I-bi-ra lugal-ga2 nig2-gig-bi-[im]

–

Sumer

The Victory of Utu-Hengal, ETCSL transliteration : c.2.1.6.

4. ki-en-gi-ra2 nij2-a-erim2 /bi2-in\-si-a

21. sig-ce3 ki-en-gi-ra2 {gana2} {(1 ms. has instead:) jic} bi2-kece2

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c.5.3.3

236-247. “When the šem and ala drums, …… and other instruments play together for him, he passes the time with your heart-gladdening tigi and zamzam instruments. But it is I who have made the wine plentiful and made much to eat and drink. I perfect the garments with fine oil. I bring up the ……, the šutur and aktum garments. As for safeguarding, the best in Sumer, in the oppressive heat (?) of Summer, where they had been put away in the bedrooms amongst the black-headed people, moths destroy the blankets and make the aktum cloth perish because of you. …… exhausts itself for you ……. The wooden chest ……. I am Ninkasi's help, for her I sweeten the beer, with as much cold water, the tribute of the hills, as you brought.”

..

236. šem3 kuša2-la2 si-ŠIR3 giš-gu3-di ni2-ba u3-mu-na-du12

237. tigi za-am-za-am nig2 šag4 [h breve]ul2-la-zu ud mi-ni-ib-zal-zal-e

238. ge26-e geštin lu-lu-me-en gu7 nag gal-gal-me-en

239. tug2 i3 dug3-ge ba-ab-du7-me-en

240. /nig2\-tug2-ba tug2šutur tug2aktum-ma a2 ba-ni-e3-a-me-en

241. /kum2\-ma dugud e2-me-eš sag ki-en-gi*-ra zi-bi tum2-tum2-de3

242. ug3 sag gig2-ga ur2-bi-a ki-nu2 gar-gar-ra-bi

243. tug2nig2-barag2 nim mu-ra-be4-be4 tug2aktum mu-ra-sa[h breve]6

244. gišnig2-keše2-da a2 mu-ra-ab-kuš2-u3 e2-gal ma-ra-ŠEŠ-ŠEŠ

245. gišgu2-ne-sag-ga2-ke4 mu-un-kig2-kig2 en3 tar mu-ni-gal2

246. dnin-ka-si-ke4 a2-ta[h breve]-a-ni-me-en kaš mu-un-na-ab-dug3-ge-en

247. a sed4 gu2-un [h breve]ur-sag-ga2 a-na mu-e-tum2-tum2-mu

* So here in one of the few extant examples, "Sumer" = “sag ki-en-gi” = head(/people) +

cosmic world + lord + reed stylus "gi" [not little used 'gir₁₅' native]

…

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

First Professors are Black!

The advice of a supervisor to a younger scribe (E-dub-ba-a C)

(The supervisor speaks...)" src="signsmugsar17/icon_smile.gif">

1. dumu e₂-dub-ba-a ud ul-la ga₂-nu ki-gu₁₀-še₃

[ETCSL: {Apprentice!} One-time member of the school, come here to me,]

Apprentice scribe school once supervised won"t you come down to the designated place

12309	cpd	12313	1230C+121B7	120B7+12261	cpd
𒌉	[cpd e2-dub-ba-a scribe school]	𒌓	[cpd ul-la distant time]	[cpd ga2-nu wont you come]	[cpd ki-mu-she3 place]
dumu	e2-dub-ba-a	UD	ul-la	ga2-nu	ki-gu10-še3
appren -tice	scribe school 1208D e2 school, house + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA allot, share + 12000 progeny	day, once…	distant time + show, supervise	place, come down + NU not (won"t you come)	designated place 121A0 KI place + 1222C MU name son + 12365 še3 string

Note: Original translation inexplicably doesn"t bother to translate the

very first word, “dumu” = apprentice – probably the most interesting and important part of the whole introduction…

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c513.1

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

2. nig₂ um-mi-a-gu₁₀ mu-un-pad₃-da za-e ga-ra-pad₃-pad₃

http://etcsl.orinst.ox.a...c513.2

[ETCSL: and let me explain to you what my teacher revealed]

something, dear professor, who of course must be black, revealed to the people of Sumer, you, like threshing grain will be revealed

120FB	cpd	cpd	cpd	cpd
𒃻	[cpd um-mi-a-mu dear Professors are black of course]	[cpd mu-un-pad3-da reveal to the people]	[cpd ZA-E you 468x]	[cpd ga-ra-pad3-pad3 thresh out]
nig2	um-mi-a-gu10	mu-un-pad3-da	za-e	ga-ra-pad3-pad3
some-thing	professor who of course must be black 1231D UM reed stem (stylus / writing symbol) (1207E tablet var) + 1222AMI black* + 12000 progeny + 1222C gu10 dear	revealed to the people of Sumer 1222C MU name + 12326 UN (KALAM = Sumer) + cpd pad3 reveal + 12055 DA writing board	you 1235D + 1208A	like threshing grain will be revealed 120B5 GA bring + 1228F RA threshing + cpd pad3 reveal x2

* There are some who say that when the Sumerians call themselves black it should not be taken literally, and black means local or something. Also in signs for other professions the scribes don"t add this extra point , but here they emphasize the first professors that started the education revolution 5000 years ago are BLACK!

[cpd um-mi-a first professors are BLACK psd 14 over 5000ya]

3. za-e-gin₇-nam nam-lu₂-tur i₃-ak šeš-gal i₃-tuku-am₃

[ETCSL: "Like you, I was once a youth and had a mentor]

za-e-gin7-nam	nam-lu2-tur	i3-ak	šeš-gal	i3-tuku-am3
you (sg.) ZA-E-DIM2-NAM	status as child NAM-LU2-TUR	to do NI-AK	elder brother ŠEŠ-GAL	to have NI-TUK-A.AN

http://etcsl.orinst.ox...c513.3

*END current WIP*

4-Way top | Very Common Signs | top | Contents | *QF*

3-8.

“Like you, I was once a youth and had a mentor.

The teacher assigned a task to me — it was man's work.

Like a springing reed, I leapt up and put myself to work.

I did not depart from my teacher's instructions,

and I did not start doing things on my own initiative.

My mentor was delighted with my work on the assignment.

He rejoiced that I was humble before him and he spoke in my favour.”

3.za-e-gin7-nam nam-lu2-tur i3-ak šeš-gal i3-tuku-am3

4. um-mi-a lu2-ta kig2-ga2-am3 a2 ag2-ga2 giš bi2-in-gar

5. gi al-gu4-ud-da-gin7 i3-gu4-ud-de3-en kig2-ga2 bi2-in-sig10-ge-en

6. inim um-mi-a-gu10 nu-un-taka4 nig2 ni2-ga2 li-bi2-ak

7. šeš-gal-gu10 a2 giš gar-ra-ga2 šag4-ga-ni i-ni-in-dug3

8. i3-sun5-ne na-mu-da-ši-[h breve]ul2 silim-ga2 i-ni-in-dug4

9-15.

9. “I just did whatever he outlined for me — everything was always in its place. 10. Only a fool would have deviated from his instructions.

11. He guided my hand on the clay and kept me on the right path.

12. He made me eloquent with words and gave me advice.

13. He focused my eyes on the rules which guide a man with a task:

14. zeal is proper for a task, time-wasting is taboo; 15. anyone who wastes time on his task is neglecting his task.”

9. giš ma-an-[h breve]ur-ra na-an-dim2 ki-bi-še3 al-gar-gar

10. na de5-ga-ni-ta lu2 [h breve]u-ru-um šu bar dib-ba-e

11. im-ma šu-gu10 si ba-ni-in-sa2 us2 zid mu-un-dab5

12. ka-gu10 inim-ma gal2 ba-ni-in-taka4 ad gi4-gi4 ma-an-pad3

13. giš-[h breve]ur lu2 a2 ag2-ga2 si sa2-e igi ma-ni-in-si-si

14. gu2 zi-zi-i [h breve]a-la a2 ag2-ga2-kam ud zal-le nig2-gig-ga

15. lu2 ki a2 ag2-ga2-ni-še3 ud zal-la a2 ag2-ga2-ni ab-taka4

16-20.

“He did not vaunt his knowledge: his words were modest.

If he had vaunted his knowledge, people would have frowned.

Do not waste time, do not rest at night — get on with that work!

Do not reject the pleasurable company of a mentor or his assistant:

once you have come into contact with such great brains,

you will make your own words more worthy.”

16. nig2-zu-a-ni pa nu-um-e3 ka-ga14-ni ba-an-la2

17. tukum-bi nig2-zu-a-ni pa ba-an-e3 igi mu-un-su[h breve]-su[h breve]-u3-ne

18. ud na-ab-zal-e-en gi6 na-ab-sed4-e-en a2-bi-še3 gen-na

19. šeš-gal šeš-ban3-da [h breve i hi]-li-a-bi na-an-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4

20. sag-ki gal-gal-la um-ma-te inim-zu ba-dugud-de3-en

21-26.

“And another thing: you will never return to your blinkered vision; that would be greatly to demean due deference, the decency of mankind.

Worthy plants [offerings?] calm the heart, and sins are absolved.

An empty-handed man's gifts are respected as such.

Even a poor man clutches a kid to his chest as he kneels.

You should defer to the powers that be and …… — that will calm you.”

21. 2-kam-ma-še3 igi keše2-da-zu-še3 nu-ra-ni-ib-gi4-gi4

22. ki za-za teš2 lu2-u18-lu-ka ma[h breve]-bi gu2 [h breve e2]-ri-du3

23. u2 teš2-a-ka šag4 ab-sed4-de3 nam-tag-ga al-du8-e

24. lu2 šu sug4-ga-ka kadra-ni ur5-še3 nir mu-un-gal2

25. lu2 nig2 nu-tuku maš2 gur-ra-na gaba-na i-im-tab

26. lu2-garza2-ra ki [h breve e2]-en-ne-za [h breve e2] [he2]-keše2 ba-sed4-de3

27-28.

“There, I have recited to you what my teacher revealed, and you will not neglect it.

You should pay attention — taking it to heart will be to your benefit!”

27. nig2 um-mi-a-gu10 mu-un-pad3-de3 e-ra-šid nu-mu-ra-ab-taka4

28. gizzal [h breve e2]-bi2-ak šag4-še3 gid2-i-de3 sag9-ge-zu mu-da-an-gal2

29-35.

The learned scribe humbly answered his supervisor:

“I shall give you a response to what you have just recited like a magic spell,

and a rebuttal to your charming ditty delivered in a bellow.

Do not make me out to be an ignoramus — I will answer you once and for all!

You opened my eyes like a puppy's and you made me into a human being.

But why do you go on outlining rules for me as if I were a shirker?

Anyone hearing your words would feel insulted!”

29. dub-sar umun2 ak sun5-na-bi ugula-a-ni mu-un-na-ni-ib-gi4-gi4

30. ud mu7-mu7-gin7 ab-šid-en-na-a ba-an-gi4-bi a-ra-ab-[h breve]a-za-an

31. mu gud-gin7 i-lu dug3-ga-zu-še3 giš i3-la2-a-bi

32. lu2 nu-zu nam-mu-ni-ib-ku4-ku4 1(DIŠ)-am3 ga-ra-ni-ib-gi4

(1 ms. inserts lines 60A and 60B here instead of after line 60)

33. ur-gir15 tur-gin7 igi mu-e-bad-bad nam-lu2-ulu3 mu-e-ak

34. a-na-aš-am3 lu2 ga2-la dag-ga-gin7 giš ma-ab-[h breve]ur-[h breve]ur-re-en

35. lu2 inim-zu giš ba-ni-in-tuku-a šu am3-ma-kar2-kar2

36-41.

“Whatever you revealed of the scribal art has been repaid to you.

You put me in charge of your household and I have never served you by shirking.

I have assigned duties to the slave girls, slaves and subordinates in your household.

I have kept them happy with rations, clothing and oil rations,

and I have assigned the order of their duties to them, so that you do not have to follow the slaves around in the house of their master.

I do this as soon as I wake up, and I chivvy them around like sheep.”

36. nam-dub-sar-ra a-na mu-e-pad3-da-zu šu-za ba-ni-in-šum2

37. e2-za [h breve e2]-bi2-gub-be2-en ud na-me nig2 ga2-la dag-ga-gu10-uš sa2 ba-ra-am3-mu-ri-ib-dug4

38. geme2 arad2 giri3-sig10-ga e2-za kig2-gi4-a [h breve e2]-bi2-ne-gi4

39. šukur2-bi tug2-bi u3 i3-ba-bi šag4-bi [h breve]a-ma-dug3-ga

40. a-ra2-bi-še3 kig2-gi4-a [h breve e2]-bi2-in-ne-gi4 e2 lugal-ka arad2 ba-ra-bi2-in-us2

41. gaba ud-ga2 [h breve e2]-bi2-ak udu-gin7 [h breve e2]-eb-us2-u3-nam

42-49.

“When you have ordered offerings to be prepared, I have performed them for you on the appropriate days.

43] I have made the sheep and banquets attractive, so that your god is overjoyed.

44] When the boat of your god arrives, people should greet it with respect.

45] When you have ordered me to the edge of the fields, I have made the men work there.

It is challenging work which permits no sleep either at night or in the heat of day, if the cultivators are to do their best at the field-borders.

I have restored quality to your fields, so people admire you.

Whatever your task for the oxen, I have exceeded it and have fully completed their loads for you.”

42. sizkur2 sa gi4-gi4-da [h breve e2]-mu-e-dug4 ud-bi sa2 [h breve e2]-ri-ib-dug4

43. udu-bi u2-gu7-bi [h breve]a-ma-sag9-sag9 digir-zu [h breve e2]-[h breve]ul2

44. ud ma2 digir-za us2-sa-bi giri17 šu [h breve]a-ra-ab-tag-ge-ne

45. gaba a-šag4-ga-še3 a2 [h breve e2]-mu-e-da-a-a-ag2 erin2-e kig2 [h breve e2]-bi2-ak

46. kig2 a-da-min3-na gi6 an-bar7-ba u3 ba-ra-bi2-ku-am3

47. us2-a-DU dumu engar-ra-ke4-e-ne sag [h breve]u-mu-un-kal-le-ne

48. a-šag4-za šu nam-sag9-ga [h breve e2]-bi2-gi4 ug3-e u6 di [h breve e2]-ri-ib-dug4

49. gud-de3 a-na-am3 gub-zu dirig [h breve e2]-em-tum3 gu2-un-bi [h breve]a-ra-ab-silim-ma-am3

50-53.

“Since my childhood you have scrutinised me and kept an eye on my behaviour, inspecting it like fine silver — there is no limit to it!

Without speaking grandly — as is your shortcoming — I serve before you.

But those who undervalue themselves are ignored by you –

know that I want to make this clear to you.”

50. tur-ra-gu10-ta [h breve e2]-em-ma-dim4-e-en a-ra2-gu10 igi [h breve e2]-bi2-du8

51. kug sag9-ga-gin7 kurum7 [h breve e2]-bi2-ak ki-šer11 la-ba-an-tuku

52. gal-bi nu-di nig2-gig-zu-gin7 e-ra-da-tuš-u3-nam

53. ni2 tur-tur-re e-ra-da-sa[h breve]6-sa[h breve]6-na pa ga-ra-ab-e3 zu-a

54-59. (The supervisor answers:)

“Raise your head now, you who were formerly a youth. You can turn your hand against any man, so act as is befitting.” (The scribe speaks:) “Through you who offered prayers and so blessed me, who instilled instruction into my body as if I were consuming milk and butter, who showed his service to have been unceasing, I have experienced success and suffered no evil.”

54. ud-bi-ta lu2-tur [h breve e2]-me-en-na i3-ne-eš2 sag-zu il2

55. šu-zu lu2-ra mu-da-an-gi4-gi4-in a-ra2-bi-še3 DU-mu-un

56. šudu3 [h breve e2]-mu-e-ša4 nam mu-tar-ra

57. na de5-ga ga i3 gu7-a-gin7 su-ga2 i-ni-in-kur9-ra

58. gub-bu ga2-la nu-dag-ge pad3-da-zu

59. ki sag9-ga-bi sa2 [h breve e2]-ri-ib-dug4 nig2-[h breve]ul-bi li-bi2-in-ak

60-61. (The supervisor answers:)

“The teachers, those learned men, should value you highly. {(2 mss. add 3 lines, 1 of the 2 mss. adds 2 more lines which correspond to lines 67 and 68 in this edition:) They should … in their houses and in prominent places. Your name will be hailed as honourable for its prominence. For your sweet songs even the cowherds will strive gloriously. For your sweet songs I too shall strive and shall … The teacher will bless you with a joyous heart.} You who as a youth sat at my words have pleased my heart.”

60. um-mi-a lu2 inim zu-u3-ne sag [h breve]u-mu-un-kal-le-ne

{2 mss. add 3 lines:)

60A. e2-bi-a ki sag-kal-la-ba DI-DI [h breve]u-mu-un-e-ne

60B. mu-zu dug3-ge-eš pad3-de3-da-bi sag-ki-bi ma-gal2

(1 of the 2 mss. has lines 67 and 68 after line 60B instead of after line 66)

60E. um-mi-a šag4 [h breve]ul2-la-ni-ta šudu3 mu-na-an-ša4

61. lu2-tur inim-gu10-še3 ba-tuš-u3-nam šag4-gu10 bi2-dug3-ga-am3

62-72.

“Nisaba has placed in your hand the honour of being a teacher. {For her, the fate determined for you will be changed and so you will be generously blessed} {(1 ms. has instead:)

You were created by Nisaba! May you … upwards}.

May she bless you with a joyous heart and free you from all despondency. … at whatever is in the school, the place of learning.

66] The majesty of Nisaba … silence.

For your sweet songs even the cowherds will strive gloriously.

For your sweet songs I too shall strive and shall ….[omitted: 'do something for your MUNUS']

They should recognise that you are a practitioner (?) of wisdom.

The little fellows should enjoy like beer the sweetness of decorous words:

experts bring light to dark places, they bring it to culs-de-sac and streets.”

62. dnisaba dugud-da um-mi-a šu-za i-ni-in-gar-ra

63. {nam i-ri-tar-ra mu-na-ra-kur2-ru šu zid [h breve]a-ra-an-ga2-ga2}

{(1 ms. has instead the line:) šu dug4-ga dnisaba-me-en gu2 an-še3 […]}

64. šag4 [h breve]ul2-la nam-še3 [h breve e2]-bi2-tar šag4 sag3 [h breve e2]-da-zig3

65. e2-dub-ba-a ki-umum-ma a-na gal2-la […]

66. nam-ma[h breve] dnisaba nig2-me-gar pad3-pad3 di-da-/bi?

67. gud-us2 šir3 dug₃-dug₃-ga-zu-še3 giš la2-bi ma[h breve]

68. šir3 dug₃-ga-zu-še3 giš ga-mu-ni-in-la2 MUNUS-zu-gin7 ga-mu-ni-tag-tag

69. nig2 geštug2-ga nu-u18-lu-me-en [h breve]u-mu-un-pad3-pad3-de3-ne

70. di4-di4-la2 inim-inim-ma [h breve e2]-du7 kaš [h breve]u-mu-un-ku7-ku7-de3-ne

71. gašam ki ku10-ku10-ga ud ga2-ga2

72. sila sag gi4-a sila-a ba-an-ga2-ga2

73-74.

Praise Nisaba who has brought order to … and fixed districts in their boundaries, the lady whose divine powers are divine powers that have no rival!

73. us2 teš2-ba ri-a si sa2-e in ki-bi sur-sur

74. nin me-ni-da me nu-sa2-a dnisaba za3-mi2

[End Scribe School]

..

Quotes

eme-gi-še₃ gu₂-zu na-ab-šub-be₂-en

“Don"t neglect the Sumerian language!”

(Letter from Inim-Inana to Lugal-ibila c.3.3.12.3.)

..

"Ipiq-Aya The Apprentice Scribe" [Google Books] p145 of The Scribe of the Flood Story and His Circle Ch7 p140-166 – Frans van Koppen – The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture, ed. Karen Radner, Eleanor Robson OUP '2011 (see also free download at academia.com; a backup of the MUGSAR is there too).

[Ipiq-Aya dubsar apprentice scribe]

[Ipiq Aya house rental contract]

..

Oldest written love stories

4-Way Inana | 4-Way top | Contents

Note: This section covered in more detail in Mugsar download version

Ecology of Romance in a Myth of Inanna - Judy Grahn

Inanna went into the mountains and began flying around. From one border of the territory to the other, she flew round and round. She flew around the Tree whose roots intertwine with the horizon of heaven, by now so tired that she lay down beside its boundary roots. She had in her loincloth a weaving of the seven cosmic powers, across her thighs. Her thoughts were with her shepherd lover, Dumuzid. On the same plot of land a youth, Šukaletuda, was working, and saw her; he approached, untied the loincloth of divine powers…

..

It was only in '1949, in an article of the volume XVII of Achive Oriental called A Blood-Plague Motif in Sumerian Mythology, that Samuel Noah Kramer translated for the first time this myth…[more]

..

The Literature of Ancient Sumer edited Jeremy A. Black

[Inana 7 powers loincloth3]

“Inana needed to pass through the seven gates of the "abzu" (abyss), and was not allowed to pass through unless she removed an article of clothing / jewelry for each of gate. Her clothes were symbolic of her divine power, thus she was systematically weakened in this fashion. By the time she arrived in the inner palace, she was almost naked and almost dead…” [more]

cf. http://www.academia.edu/1247599/Inana_and_Sukaletuda_A_Sumerian_Astral_Myth

..

Inana and the Seven Cosmic Powers of her Loincloth

Note Intro above | 4-Way top | Very Common Signs | Contents

112a.

u₄-/ba nin-gu₁₀ an\ mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta

Once, lady dear heaven (flew/) roamed around,

cpd	cpd	1222C	1202D	cpd
[cpd UD-BA day halved noon qq]	[cpd NIN lady mistress 1467x]	𒈬	𒀭	𒆸
ud-ba	nin	- gu10	an\	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
Once 12313 UD day + 12040 BA open halve	lady, mistress 122A9 MUG cuneus + 12306 TUG2 garment	"dear one" determ. / honor.	heaven	roamed around 1222C MU name + 12326 UN (KALAM = Sumer) + 121B8 nigin2 encircle + 1223E NA incense + 122EB TA much

112b.

ki /mu-un- nigin₂ \-[na]-/ta\

cosmic world roamed around

121A0	cpd
𒆠	𒆸
ki	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
cosmic world	to roam around op. cit. 112a

113a. [Inana top]

^dinana an mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta

Inana heaven roamed around,

12239	1202D	cpd
[cpd-d-inana 25]	𒀭	𒆸
dinana	an	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
Inana Determ. 1202D AN+ 12239 MUŠ3	heaven	roamed around op. cit. 112a

..

113b.

ki /mu-un- nigin₂ \-[na]-/ta\

cosmos roamed around

121A0	cpd
𒆠	𒆸
ki	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
cosmic	roamed around op. cit. 112a

114. [Inana top]

/elam^ki\ su-bir₄^ki-a mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta

Elam & Subir roamed around

cpd	cpd	cpd
[cpd ELAM eq NIM]	[cpd subir city]	𒆸
/elamki\	su-bir4ki-a	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
Elam "NIM" 1224F "ki" Detern. place	Subir 122E2 SU skin games + bir4 = EDEN 12094 + "ki" Detern. place + 12000 A water / river	roamed around op. cit. 112a

..

115. [Inana top]

/dubur an\ gil-gi₁₆-il-la mu-un-nigin₂-na-ta

{[She flew around the Tree whose roots]

horizon heaven entwined roamed around,}

12135	1202D	cpd	cpd
𒄵	𒀭	[cpd gil-gi16-il-la entwined]	𒆸
dubur	an	gil-gi16-il-la	/mu-un-nigin2-na-ta\
horizon	heaven	entwined 12103 gilim /gi16 entwined + 1214B IL = high up + 121B7 LA = bend over	roamed around op. cit. 112a

..

116. [Inana top]

nu-gig kuš₂-a-ni-ta im-ma-te dur₂-bi-še₃ ba-nu₂

Sumerian high status woman (wore bead and was black) so tired landed

backside exposed [through skimpy loincloth] lay down [beside its boundary roots.]

cpd	cpd	cpd	cpd	cpd
[cpd NUGIG nu-u8-gig priestess high status women]	[cpd kush2-a-ni-ta tired]	[cpd IM MA TE approach]	[cpd dur2-bi-she3 rump]	[cpd BA-NA2 lie down]
nu-gig	kuš2-a-ni-ta	im-ma-te	dur2-bi-še3	ba-na2
Sumerian high status woman was black 1222A wore beads 1226D + 12261 NU offspring + 121C7 U8 encircle	so tired uQQ kuš2 tired + 12000 A cry of woe + 1224C NI come to an end + 122EB TA much	landed 1214E IM wind + 12220 MA flow + 122FC TE approach, land [cf. 12312 UB as in kiss]	rump 12089 backside + + 12049 BI open + 12365 še3 string [cf. loincloth]	lay down 12040 BA split, open, backside + 1223F na2 lay down

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.116

117. [Inana top]

šu-kal-le-tud-da zag sar-ra-/ka\-ni igi im-ma-ni-/sig10\

Šukaletuda beside lair watched.

[On the same plot of land a youth, Šukaletuda, was working, and saw her;]

cpd	12360	cpd	12146	cpd
[cpd shu-kal-le-tud-da PN]	𒍠	[cpd sar-ra-ka-ni garden plot]	𒅆	[cpd im-ma-ni-sig10 place]
šu-kal-le-tud-da	zag	sar-ra-ka-ni	igi	im-ma-ni-sig10
Šukaletuda 122D7 ŠU hand + 12197 KAL mighty + 121F7 LE branch + 12305 TU small, priest + 12055 DA line	(be-) side	lair 122AC SAR garden + 1228F RA thresh + 12157 KA mouth + 1224C NI digest	eye, watch	to cast (an eye) perve 1214E IM mud, storm + 12220 MA approach + 1224C NI finish + 122E7 cast

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.117

118. [Inana top]

^dinana-ke4 tug₂dara₄ me imin gal₄-la na

Inana on reed mat [ lying on her side...] …

loincloth divine powers seven over her cuneus/backside…

[She had in her loincloth a weaving of the seven cosmic powers...]

12239+121A4	cpd	12228	12153	cpd
[cpd-d-inana-ke4 Inana lying on reed mat]	[cpd TUG2-DARA4 loincloth belt sash girdle G string]	𒈨	𒅓	[cpd gal4-la-na cunteus]
dinana-ke4	tug2dara4	me	imin	gal4-la-na
Inana (DN) Determ. 1202D AN+ 12239 MUŠ3 + 121A4 reed mat [lying on]	loincloth Determ. 12306 tug2 garment + 12071 dara4 = red, brown, blood	divine powers (enabling cosmic activity)	seven (IA 5 + MIN 2)	cuneus 122A9 gal4 cuneus + 121B7 LA bending over + 1223E NA man, pestle, pounder

etcsl.orinst.ox…c133.118

119. {do. 118} tug2dara4? me 7 gal4-la-na […]

Inana loves Dumuzi

120. Inana ^dinanaki-ag₂ sipad dumuzi

Inana's thoughts were with her shpeherd lover Dumuzi

[Inana loves Dumuzi Mugsar 4 Way tophalf]

Gudea Cylinders

4-Way Ningirsu's Temple | 4-Way top | Contents

The Gudea cylinders are a pair of terracotta cylinders dating to circa 7875 CT [2125 plag] on which is written in cuneiform a Sumerian myth called the Building of Ningursu's temple.[1] The cylinders were found in "1877 during excavations at Telloh (ancient Girsu), Iraq and are now displayed in the Louvre in Paris, France. They are the largest cuneiform cylinders yet discovered and contain the longest known text written in the Sumerian language… [Wik]

The god of wisdom, Enki, organized the world after creation and gave each deity a role in the world order. Nisaba was named the scribe of the gods, and Enki then built her a school of learning so that she could better serve those in need.

Nidaba / Nindaba / Nisaba = goddess of writing (and teaching) she was often praised by Sumerian scribes. Many clay-tablets end with the phrase[cpd d-nisaba za3-mi2 DINGIR-NAGA-ZAG-SAL Nisaba goddess of writing]DINGIR.NAGA.ZAG.SAL,^dnisaba za₃-mi₂, “Nisaba be praised” to honor the goddess. She is considered the teacher of both mortal scribes and other divine deities…

As the goddess of knowledge, she is related to many other facets of intellectual study and other gods may turn to her for advice or aid. Some of these traits are shared with her sister Ninsina. She is also associate with grain, reflecting her association with an earth goddess mother.

12240𒉀NAGA = potash; soap

AN.NAGA is read as NANIBGAL, and AN.ŠE.NAGA as NÁNIBGAL. NAGA is read as NÍDABA or NÍSABA, and ŠE.NAGA as NIDABA or NISABA…[Wik]

http://www.specialtyinterests.net/cuneiform_writing.html

http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.1.7

[Gudean Cylinders 150]

..

[Gudean Cylinders price v1 150]

The Building of Ningirsu's Temple

Intro above | 4-Way top | Contents

Gudea Cylinders A and B (c.2.1.7), line c217.110

Paragraph t217.p14 (line(s)110-114)

..

110. munus 1(DIŠ)-am₃a-ba me-a nu a-ba me-a-ni

[ETCSL: Then there was a woman -- whoever she was.]

woman one was who “to be or not to be”*

122A9	cpd	cpd	12228	12261	cpd	12228
𒊩	[cpd dish-am3]	[cpd a-ba who 326x]	𒈨	𒉡	[cpd a-ba who 326x]	𒈨
munus	DIŠ-am3	a-ba	me	nu	a-ba	me
woman	one was 12079 DIŠ one + cpd A-AN copula	who 12000 A progeny + 12040 BA share	to be	not	who 12000 A progeny + 12040 BA share	to be

*So that's where Shakespeare / Edward de Vere plagiarized it from!

http://cdli.ox...c217.110

111. sag-ga₂e₃ki garadin₉mu-ak

[ETCSL: She …… sheaves. ]

head basket bring place sheaves do

cpd	cpd	121A0	1230F	cpd
[cpd sag-ga2 head basket]	[cpd e3 UD-DU leave go out thread]	𒆠	𒌎	[cpd mu-ak do]
[cpd txt sang sag-ga2 head basket]	e3	ki	garadin9	mu-ak
head basket 12295 sag head + 120B7 ga2 basket	bring 12313 UD sun + 1207A DU leave, bring	place	sheaf / bundle (of reeds)	to do 1222C MU name + 1201D AK do

112. gi-dub-ba kug NE-a šu im-mi-du₈

[ETCSL: She held a stylus of refined silver in her hand,]

stylus silver refined hand proudly displayed

cpd	121AC	cpd	122D7	cpd
[cpd gi-dub-ba stylus]	𒆬	[cpd NE-A refine]	𒋗	[cpd im-mi-du8 spread]
gi-dub-ba	kug	NE-A	šu	im-mi-du8
(reed tablet) stylus 12100 GI reed stem + 1207E DUB tablet + 12040 BA divide tool	silver, shiny metal	refined 12248 NE brazier + 12000 A water	hand	(proudly) display 1214E IM mood, is (copula) + 1222A MI black [cf miqtum (high) class?] + 120EE (/12083) du8 (GABA); spread

http://cdli.ox...c217.112

113. dub mul-an dug₃-ga im-mi-gal₂

[ETCSL: and placed it on a tablet with propitious stars,]

tablet cosmic star good ones classified

1207E	cpd	cpd	cpd
𒁾	[cpd MUL-AN heavenly star 33x]	[cpd dug3-ga good]	[cpd im-mi-gal2 placed]
dub	mul-an	dug3-ga	im-mi-gal2
tablet	cosmic star 1202F MUL star + 1202D AN cosmic	good ones 1212D dug3 good + 120B5 GA suckling, carry	classified 1214E IM mood, (copula) + 1222A MI black, high ?? + 12145 gal2 place class ?? cf. mi-iq-tum (miqtum, mi-gal2-tum) social class

..

114. ad im-dab₆-gi₄-gi₄

[ECSL: and was consulting it."]

recited (mantra) turning round and round

1201C	cpd
𒀜	[cpd im-dab6-gi4-gi4 turn around]
ad	im-dab6-gi4-gi4
voice, cry, recited (mantra) ??	turning round and round 1214E IM mood, (copula) 1234F dab6 go around, + 12104 gi4 x2 turn, go around [gi4 x 2 therefore: 'turn round and round' ??]

..

ETCSL:

“Then there was a woman — whoever she was.

She …… sheaves [bundles].

She held a stylus of refined silver in her hand,

and placed it on a tablet with propitious stars, and was consulting it.”

..

110. munus 1(DIŠ)-am₃a-ba me-a nu a-ba me-a-ni

111. sag-ga₂e₃ki garadin₉mu-ak 112. gi-dub-ba kug NE-a šu im-mi-du₈ 113. dub mul-an dug₃-ga im-mi-gal₂ 114. ad im-dab₆-gi₄-gi₄

ccc

Very Common Signs

ccc1

1228F	1224C	1231D	1222C	12326	120B5
𒊏	𒉌	𒌝	𒈬	𒌦	𒂵
RA	NI	UM	MU	UN	GA
1228F RA (rah2) kill; flood; aux.	1224C NI (i3) comes to pass; quiver	1231D UM approach, disease	1222C MU (gu10) year, dear, name, son, phallus 43667x!	12326 UN people (KALAM / Sumer)	120B5 GA suckling, carry, bring

..

12157	12261	12154	1214E	12220	12248
𒅗	𒉡	𒅔	𒅎	𒈠	𒉈
dug4	NU	IN	IM	MA	NE
12157 dug4 perform, mating	12261 NU not	12154 IN abuse	1214E IM wind, storm, anger / mood, is (copula)	12220 MA land; approach	12248 NE fire; this

.. ccc1

ccc2

1222A	122E1	1202D	cpd	121FD	121A0	12000
𒈪	𒋡	𒀭	[cpd NIN lady mistress 1467x]	𒇽	𒆠	𒀀
gig2	SILA3	AN	nin	lu2	ki	A
1222Agig2 / MI black	122E1 SILA3 vessel, capacity 43696x!	heaven	lady, mistress 122A9 cuneus + 12306 garment	man	cosmic world; place 32379x!	water / river; bemoan; progeny

..

cpd	12309	12365	1208D	1207E	cpd
[cpd pad3 pa3 find nmae nominate 2313x]	𒌉	𒍥	𒂍	𒁾	[cpd dub-sar scribe]
pad3	dumu	eš2	e2	DUB	dub-sar
find, discover; name, nominate 12146 IGI eye + 12292 RU fall; throw	child, son, daughter; apprentice 28245x! TUR = small	flour, rope, string	house, school, temple	tablet, document	scribe 1207E DUB tablet + 122AC SAR write

ccc3

12313	12040	cpd	120FB	1207A	12195
𒌓	𒁀	[cpd UD-BA day halved noon qq]	𒃻	𒁺	𒆕
UD	BA	ud-ba	GAR	DU	DU
day, once…	divide, allot, share; open; halve; noun-aux.	Once… Later… noon 12313 UD day + 12040 BA open halve	bread; gar place; nig2thing	(gen) go, come	build, perform

..

122A9	1223E	cpd
𒊩	𒈾	[cpd kur-kur-ra lands]
MUG	NA	kur-kur-ra
SAL, munus woman, matriarch, queen, goddess, cuneus	1223E NA incense, (burner) pestle	lands 121B3 KURlands + 1228F RA aux.

..

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

Not Translated Tablet (Gudean Period)

[Gudean period not translated]

Mmnm … not translated huh? Let's apply MUGSAR 4-Way and see how far we get…

1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 11b | 12 | 13 | 14

Line 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 1111b | 12 | 13 | 14

ggg | Very Common Signs

[gudeanperiod1]

..

	12040	12311
	𒁀	𒌑
	BA	U2
	allot	food

..

Line 2

[gudeanperiod2]

..

	120B5
	𒂵
	GA
122A9 woman + ? + 122BA grain	suckling, carry (cow)

Line 3

[gudeanperiod3x]

..

12309	1202D	1223E
𒌉	𒀭	𒈾
dumu	AN	NA
child, son, daughter; apprentice	heaven	incense; pestle

..

Line 4

[gudeanperiod4x]

..

cpd		121AC	120B5
[cpd NIN lady mistress 1467x]		𒆬	𒂵
NIN		KUG	GA
lady, mistress 122A9 cuneus + 12306 garment	cf. 12085 𒂅 SHEKEL grain price	KU3, kug pure	GA suckling, carry (cow)

Line 5

[gudeanperiod5]

..

cpd	12000	1224C
[cpd NIN lady mistress 1467x]	𒀀	𒉌
NIN	A	NI
lady, mistress 122A9 cuneus + 12306 garment	water / river; bemoan	(i3) in time; quiver

..

Line 6

[gudeanperiod6]

..

	12323	12000
𒊕	𒌣	𒀀
	SIMUG	A
cf. 12295 head (var)	metal worker cf. 12324 winnow	water / river; bemoan

Line 7

[gudeanperiod7]

..

1227A	122EB	122DB
𒉺	𒋫	𒋛
PA	TA	SI
overseer; branch; sceptre	much; from	fill, load; horn

..

Line 8

[gudeanperiod8]

..

	12053	121B7	121A0
	𒁓	𒆷	𒆠
	BUR	LA	KI
	food offering; priest	backside, bend over, hang, show, supervise	cosmic world

Line 9 (right side)

[gudeanperiod9]

..

121FD
𒇽		𒌍
lu2
man		? numeric 1230D (50) | cf. 122BA 𒊺 barley

..

Line 10

[gudeanperiod10]

..

1202D	cpd	12108
𒀭	[cpd NIN lady mistress 1467x]	𒄈		𒊕
AN	NIN	GIR
heaven	lady, mistress 122A9 cuneus + 12306 garment	knife, sword		cf. 12295 head (var)

Line 11

[gudeanperiod11]

..

121A4	1227A		12153
𒆤	𒉺		𒅓
KID	PA		IMIN
field, mat	overseer; branch; sceptre		7 (5+2)

..

Line 11b

[gudeanperiod11b]

..

12000	1224C
𒀀	𒉌
A	NI
water / river; bemoan	(i3) in time; quiver

Line 12

[gudeanperiod12]

..

1222C	12195	12000
𒈬	𒆕	𒀀
MU	KAK	A
1222C MU (gu10) phallus, dear, name, son, year	build, perform	water / river; bemoan

..

Line 13

[gudeanperiod13]

..

121A4		121AC	120B5	12157
𒆤		𒆬	𒂵	𒅗
KID		KUG	GA	KA
field, mat		KU3, kug pure	suckling, carry	mouth; speak; perform

Line 14

[gudeanperiod14]

..

1222C	1223E	12195
𒈬	𒈾	𒆕
MU	NA	KAK
(gu10) phallus, dear, name, son, year	incense; pestle	build, perform

..

1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 11b | 12 | 13 | 14

cf. etcsl.orinst.ox…c432e.D.54N

A šir-namšubto Utu (Utu E) (c.4.32.e), line c432e.D.54

lu2	zid-zid-da-ke4	kaš-zu	bur-ra	me-ri	ki	a-da-ab-KU
LU2	ZI-ZI-DA-KID	BI-ZU	BUR-RA	ME-RI	KI	A-DA-AB-KU
lu2	zid	kaš	bur	giri3(ES: me-ri)	ki	KU
person	right	beer	type of bowl	foot	place	KU

Paragraph t432e.p10 (line(s)51-58)

51. mu-lu zid-de₃mu-lu zid-zid-da-[ke₄] gu₂-bi mu-un-ši-ib₂-[gi₄]

52. u₃-mu-un erim₆-ma kur gal^dmu-ul-lil₂gu₂-bi mu-un-ši-ib₂-gi₄ 53. nin erim₆-ma ama gal^dnin-lil₂gu₂-bi mu-un-ši-[ib₂-gi₄] 54. lu₂zid-zid-da-ke₄kaš-zu bur-ra me-ri ki a-da-ab-KU 55. zabar-bi ši su₃-ud-ma-al de₃-ra-ab-dirig-ge 56. nibru^kidu₃-du₃-a-ba X KI X X X-a-ba še-eb e₂-e X-a-ba 57. dam til₃-la e₂X [...] dirig^?-ge 58. a e₂-a a X [...]

51. The righteous man, the most righteous of men, has filled them to overflowing.

52. O lord of the storehouse, Great Mountain Enlil, he has filled them to overflowing. 53. O lady of the storehouse, great mother Ninlil, he has filled them to overflowing. 54. The most righteous of men has …… the bowls with your beer. 55. May this bronze vessel increase his long life. 56. When Nibru had been fully built, when …… had been ……, when the brickwork of this house had been ……, 57. the living spouse ……, 58. the seed of the house, the seed …….

cf. Line 8

[gudeanperiod8]

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	12053		121A0
	𒁓		𒆠
	BUR		KI
	food offering; priest		cosmic world

Very Common Signs

Major Lemma | *QF* | TOC | top

rrr

REFERENCE & LINKS

Note more detailed references and credits with updates here.

Civilization Time

CT	plagio	Event
00000	-10000	End of the last Ice Age, allows sedentary living and the rise of civilization
6600	-3400	Writing invented by the black Sumerians – first students and professors, the original gods, first epic, Gilgamesh, creation and flood myths complete with ark, calendar festivals like birth and death of Marduk bull calf of sun god Utu – northern hemisphere December Solstice => Roman Saturnalia => religio plagiarists, spring equinox rebirth festival fertility goddess Innana => Ishtar => Oestre => Easter, invention of the wheel, sexagesimal (base 60) system, first law codes, first details of musical instruments, the true etymology of many Greek/Roman words, all subsequently recorded on clay tablets. Instead of being lauded as pioneers, they are now categorized as "ancient" – supposedly everything they achieved has no connection to the plagiarists.
9956	-45	Sosigenes of Alexandria's Western Calendar for Julius Caesar begins
10000	-1*	No extant record of anything significant happening, as confirmed by Dead Sea Scrolls. So why do modern, enlightened, non-racist sapiens have to start counting backwards and insult the achievements of the Sumerians (and Kumets aka Egyptians)?!
10001	+1*	do. * The plagiarists forgot to put in a zero year!
10100	+100	China invents paper replacing brittle papyrus. Later they would add weapon superiority gun powder.
10600	+600	India invents our numeral system replacing cumbersome Roman numerals.
10340	+340	Denis Little plagiarizes Sosigenes" calendar for religio bureaucrats – by chance events, plagio-religio impostor would be forced on all cultures for international dating, even in government and law courts where constitutionally there is supposed to be separation of state and religio; beginning of Dark Ages – writing lost to all but a few, who rehash the same group of plagiarized stories, for 1000 years until the Renaissance / Enlightenment
12013	+2013	December 4th

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[civilization-time-tablets-300]

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[Civilization Time giftbox 250]

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[Civilization Time giftbox template 200]

A little bit of video of Tara (then 6 yo) making and "unearthing" the CT Book on YouTube:

1. Unearthing the CT Book (16s)

http://youtu.be/_kmiWiLdki4

2. Tara Designing CT Book (1m 31s)

http://youtu.be/rk0Qp03Vv2Q

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Sumer Periods

[Sumer Period Timeline]

Ubaid = 5000-6000CT (5000-4000 religio-plagio) – Early settlements in Sumer (southern Iraq).

Uruk = 6000-7000CT (4000-3000 plag) – Civilization develops rapidly through cuneiform writing.

Early Dynastic = 7000-7650CT (3000-2350 plag) – Independent, sometimes conflicting Sumerian city states. [Literature of Ancient Sumer, Jeremy Black]

ED IIIa = The Early Dynastic IIIa (Fara) period – c.7400-7500CT (2600-2500 plag)

ED IIIb period = c. 7460-7650CT (2540-2350 plag)

The Early Dynastic period began after a cultural break with the preceding Jemdet Nasr period that has been radio-carbon dated to about [7100CT (2900 plag)] at the beginning of the Early Dynastic I Period. No inscriptions have yet been found verifying any names of kings that can be associated with the Early Dynastic I period. The ED I period is distinguished from the ED II period by the narrow cylinder seals of the ED I period and the broader wider ED II seals engraved with banquet scenes or animal-contest scenes. The Early Dynastic II period is when Gilgamesh, the famous king of Uruk, is believed to have reigned. Later inscriptions have been found bearing some Early Dynastic II names from the King List. The Early Dynastic IIIa period is when syllabic writing began. Accounting records and an undeciphered logographic script existed before the Fara Period, but the full flow of human speech was first recorded around [7400CT (2600plag)] at the beginning of the Fara Period.

Hegemony, which came to be conferred by the Nippur priesthood, alternated among a number of competing dynasties, hailing from Sumerian city-states traditionally including Kish, Uruk, Ur, Adab and Akshak, as well as some from outside of southern Mesopotamia, such as Awan, Hamazi, and Mari, until the Akkadians, under Sargon of Akkad, overtook the area…

Ur III = The Third Dynasty of Ur: 107 years, 7954-8061CT (2047–1940 plag)

[cf. 108 years, 7888-7996CT (2112–2004 plag) - Black, ibid.]

Also known as the Neo-Sumerian Empire or the Ur III Empire, refers to a Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state that some historians regard as a nascent empire… [Wik]

The Third Dynasty of Ur came to preeminent power in Mesopotamia after several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian kings. It controlled the cities of Isin, Larsa and Eshnunna and extended as far north as the Jazira.

The Third Dynasty of Ur arose some time after the fall of the Akkad Dynasty. The period between the last powerful king of the Akkad Dynasty, Shar-kali-sharri, and the first king of Ur III, Ur-Nammu, is not well documented, but most Assyriologists posit that there was a brief “dark age”, followed by a power struggle among the most powerful city-states… [Wik]

..

Unicode Sign closeup

ScriptSource(click on first result for even bigger size) | Google (Images)

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PSD

http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd1/nepsd-frame.html – Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project – could have been fantastic, except that they seem to think it was perfect and stopped back in 2006 – no interest in unicodes / putting everything together.

Anyway, once you get the hang of it, you can see Steve Tinney and his colleagues did a terrific job. More here

ETCSL

http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/ – The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL), a project of the University of Oxford, comprises a selection of nearly 400 literary compositions [Jeremy Black ['1951-'2004, founder]

ETCSL SearchAdvanced – Simple | Glossary | Proper Nouns | sitemap

Fast Find: substitute in hypertext edit composition parameters

composition c.1.3.3 line 129 = c133.129 etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/etcslgloss.php?lookup=c133.129&charenc=gcirc&sn=ON

List of determinatives

1. &ance; 𒀲 before donkey / horse
2. &d; 𒀭 before divine names
3. &dug; 𒂁 before words for vessels
4. &e2; 𒂍 before words for buildings and rooms
5. &f; 𒊩 before women's names and words denoting women's occupations
6. &gi; 𒄀 before words for items made of reed
7. &gud; 𒄞 before words for cattle
8. &jic; 𒄑 before words for items made of wood
9. &id2; [cpd ID2 i7 river canal 1086x] before river names
10. &iku; 𒃷 after words denoting surface measures
11. &im; 𒅎 before words for items made of clay
12. &kac; 𒁉before types of alcohol
13. &ki; 𒆠 after place names
14. &ku6; 𒄩 after words for fish
15. &kur; 𒆳 before words for mountains / countries
16. &kuc; 𒋢 before words for items made of leather
17. &lu2; 𒇽 before gentilics and words denoting men's occupations
18. &m; 𒍑 before (men"s) names
19. &mu; 𒈬 before words for items made of wood (Emesal)
20. &mucen; 𒄷 after names of birds
21. &mul; 𒀯 before names of stars and planets
22. &na4; [cpd NA4 stone] before words for stones
23. &ninda; 𒃻 before words for bread and other baked items
24. &sa; 𒊓 before words for braided items
25. &sar; 𒊬 after words for vegetables
26. &cah2; 𒋚 before words for denoting varieties of pigs
27. &tug2; 𒌆 before words for garments
28. &tum9; 𒅎 ?? before words for winds
29. &u2; 𒌑 before words for plants
30. &udu; 𒇻 before words denoting varieties of sheep and goats
31. &urud; 𒍏 before words for items of bronze and copper
32. &uzu; 𒍜 before words for parts of the body
33. &zabar; 𒌓 before words for items of bronze

Closeups of actual signs on tablets

John Heise Top 20 Cuneiform 𒀀 𒀀 12000 A = water (shame he seems to have disappeared after "1996)

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Basics / Grammar

Introduction to Sumerian Grammar pdf – Daniel Foxvog. At least at the beginning, shows the logograms too!

Sumerian Grammar "2003 (Internet Archive) – Dietz Otto Edzard

Misc.

ORACC: http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus

BDTNS: http://bdts.filol.csic.es/

Sumerian Lexicon pdf & The Proto-Sumerian Language Invention Process – John Halloran – http://www.sumerian.org/

Literature of Ancient Sumer, Jeremy Black – Google Books

The Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding (ICE)

[ice 2]

[ice]

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Proto Cuneiform Signs (cdli)

[ppp] CDLI: http://cdli.ucla.edu/ Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (Oxford/UCLA) – note Late Uruk Period signs - full list of proto-cuneiform signs – pdf: http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/tools/SignLists/ATU1.pdf – "MUG" 122A9 examples:

[proto MUG p1s]p1[proto MUG p2s]p2

..

[proto MUG p3s]p3[proto MUG p4s] p4

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Late Uruk Period Cattle Dairy Products – Englund (pdf cdli)

[dairy products late uruk englund cdli 250]

LAK (proto list)

(Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen 1922 WVDOG 40, Berlin)

http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/tools/SignLists/LAK/HTML/P0001.html

(UCLACuneiform Digital Library Initiative)

LAK is a dictionary of Sumerian cuneiform signs of the pre-classical Fara period (Early Dynastic II), published in '1922 by Sumerologist P. Anton Deimel ('1865–'1954). The list enumerates 870 distinct cuneiform signs.

The sign inventory in the archaic period was considerably larger than the standard inventory of texts of the classical Sumerian (7400-7650CT [2600-2350plag]) or Neo-Sumerian (7900CT; all dates short chronology) periods. This means that numerous signs identified by their classical reading continue several distinct signs of the pre-classical period. If it is necessary to identify the pre-classical sign intended, its LAK number is customarily given, in the form of LAK-1 to LAK-870 [Wik] :

[LAK cdli p1 125]

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TRUE ETYMOLOGY

In addition to individual entries throughout the MUGSAR, here we will start throwing in extra bits and pieces until we can get a feel for order…

Proto Language Monosyllables PLM

"Proto Language Monosyllables PLM with their Principal Meanings", Patrick C. Ryan ("2008) – “The Proto-Language was composed of 90 monosyllables…”

Some quite interesting points on true etymology and evolution.

Also notes “…one of the defining characteristics of Emesal is to eliminate from the "female language" those sounds which would necessitate observable lip-rounding, presumably for whatever social significance observed lip-rounding by females may have had. Emegi [EG] u => Emesal [ES] i …”

PIE = Proto-Indo-European

Refers often to Kurt Jaritz Schriftarchäologie der altmesopotamischen Kultur ( "1967)

Ancient Signs: The Alphabet & the Origins of Writing – Andis Kaulins cites importance of Ryan's work – in addition to above: Sumerian Archaic Sign Table, Sumerian Sign Value Register

http://lingwhizt.blogspot.com/2011/01/8-origins-of-writing-in-western.html

- -

Some extracts from LINGUIST List 7.1247 involving Patrick C Ryan

http://linguistlist.org/issues/7/7-1247.html

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Message 3: Sumerian and PIE

Date:Thu, 05 Sep 1996 01:10:28 EDT

From:Alan Huffman <aahny@cunyvm.cuny.edu> Subject:Sumerian and PIE

Here are a couple more for your Sumerian / PIE list:

Sum.: me => "I" [see copula note]

Sum.: adda => "father" cf. Gothic atta

Sum.: nu => "no"

Sum.: lugal => "king" cf. Latin leg-is [and lu/ru interchangeability => rugal => English 'regal' - see note for entry at 12217 𒈗 LUGAL]

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Other Examples

ABZU = abyss :

1236A𒍪 ZU = know

1200A 𒀊 AB = cosmic sea, window

[cpd ABZU abyss cosmic under water] 1236A ZU, su₂ + 1200A AB = ABZU [reversed]

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[cpd eduba e2-dub true etym edu-cation] eduba => education see (Main Listings)

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122E7 𒋧 SUM, ŠUM₂, SI₃ => give cf. English "to sum" total / add up; Greek "sigma"

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Shekel => origin of Hebrew term for money re price of bushel of grain, see 122BA SHE

Major Cities

Uruk /Sumerian: UNUG / cuneiform ^URU UNUG

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12337 + 12014

[cpd uru-UNUG Uruk]

URUUNUG

[determ.] civlization + cosmic sea

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Eridu/ Sumerian eridu^ki / cuneiform NUN.KI

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12263 + 121A0

[cpd NUN-KI Eridu]

NUN + KI

prince/foremost + cosmic world

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Ur / Sumerian URIM

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122C0 + 12015	122C0 + 1200A
[cpd UR-IM2-ki Ur v1]	[cpd UR-IM5-ki Ur v2]
UR IM2 KI	UR IM5 KI
standard (of UR) + var 1200A cosmic sea + determ. KI city	var.

UR, urin(uri₃, uru₃)

The name of the city is in origin derived from the god's name,URIM₂^KIbeing the classical Sumerian spelling ofLAK-32.UNUG^KI, literally “the abode (UNUG) of Nanna (LAK-32)

Top | Contents | QF

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APPENDIX

How to write on clay | Vowels | Syllabary | Copula | Foxvog's Basics || Major Lemma | QF | TOC | top

Abbreviations / Notations

[740x] = number of times attested – as noted by ePSD – it's important to note that a number of the signs (esp the hundreds of repetitive variants) in the standard lists were rarely used.

[~ xxx!] = very large number e.g. 121A0 𒆠KI (gi₅) [32379xxx!] = cosmic world…

uQQ = unicode query – number?

gunû and šeššig

One method of generating new signs was to mark a portion of a base sign to specify the object intended. The marks are called by the scribes either gunû-strokes (from Sumerian gùn-a "colored, decorated") or šeššig- hatchings (due to the resemblance of the strokes to the early cross-hatched form of the Sumerian sign for grain, še). Compare the following two sets of signs:

[gunu sessig signs Foxvog]

In the first set, the base sign is sag "head". Strokes over the mouth portion produces SAG-gunû, to be read ka "mouth". In the second set, the base sign is da "side" (i.e., a shoulder, arm and hand). Hatchings over the arm portion produces DA-šeššig, to be read á "arm"… [Foxvog]

CVVE = compound verb verbal element (PSD)

PLM = Proto Language Monosyllables (see True Etym.)

How to write on clay

[how to write on clay Prof Hout youtube 279]

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[how to write on clay Prof Hout 280]

Professor Theo van den Hout

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=cmZ_3VYWLqU

http://www.carolineludovici.com/learn-how-to-write-cuneiform.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=eJYQ8VEFznU

[cuneiform stylus 180]

http://archaeology.otterlabs.org/Courses/AncientCivilizations/Syllabus/CuneiformLab.htm

Basic Cuneus

GE = stylus cuneus; (piece of) writing, copy, exemplar, written; blow; wound [All called 'ge' but then 12100 reed (stylus) is also 'ge']

1230B 𒌋 ge₁₄

12038 𒀸 ge₁₅

12079 𒁹ge₃

1203A 𒀺ge₂₂

12039 𒀹ge₂₃

..

122B9 𒊹

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Numbers

nnn

12038 𒀸 ASH “1″

122F0 𒋰 MIN “2″ (TAB)

1203C 𒀼 ESH “3″

121F9𒇹LIMMU “4″

1213F 𒄿IA“5″ [I vowel]

1240B 𒐋ASH “6″

12153 𒅓IMIN (5+2) “7″

1240D 𒐍USSU “8″

12446 𒑆ILIMMU (5+4) “9″

1230B 𒌋 U “10″

..

cpd [cpd numerical ge-esh-tu 60 or 600]geštu, ge-eš-tu = 60 (or 600?) [12100 gi confirm, designation, quality + 1230D eš 30 + 12305 tu small]

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Vowels a e i u

12000 𒀀 A (water)

1208A 𒂊 E (speak)

1213F 𒄿 I (5)

1230B 𒌋 U (10)

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Pronunciation

Vowels may be pronounced as follows:

a – as in father, e – as in peg, i – as in hip, u – as in pull.

Of the special consonants,

ñ is pronounced like "ng" in rang, so [breve g red sag sang] would be sang, þ is pronounced like "ch" in German Buch (bookkk) or Scottish loch (lookkk, not lock! ['x ([breve h red])' h-breve plain velar fricative cf. (voiceless) velar fricative /[breve h red]/ (sometimes just written h); Anatolian [breve h red]]) – tongue slightly to roof of mouth and breathe through /out, throaty sound, like something stuck in throat, bringing up phlegm] and š is pronounced like "sh" in dash.

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a, e4: n., water; watercourse, canal; seminal fluid; offspring; father; tears; flood.

é: house, household; temple; plot of land.

i: n., cry of pain (derived from ér, ír, "tears; complaint" ?).

v., to capture, defeat, overcome (cf., éd, è; i, "to sprout")

ú: n., plant; vegetable; grass; food; bread; pasture; load.

v., to nourish, support.

adj., strong, powerful (man).

ù: n., sleep (cf., u5). [according to S. Lieberman, u, ù, and u4 were pronounced /o/]

v., to sleep.

u(3,4,8): n., an expression of protest; cries, screams; grunting, panting.

v., to bend over.

u5: n., male bird, cock; totality; earth pile or levee; raised area (sometimes written ù).

v., to mount; to be on top of; to ride; to steer, conduct.

adj., (raised) high, especially land or ground (sometimes written ù).

u18: huge.

u20: barley.

More at The Proto-Sumerian Language Invention Process – John A. Halloran

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Syllabary A-Z: Write your name in Sumerian!

There's no 'o' vowel in Sumerian but 'u' (pron. as in pull) is close. Also use the Main Listings for 3-letter syllables like we did for Hogan

CV consonant vowel Ba | VC aB sss

VC vowel consonant aB [Syll. top | *QF*]

[END | Syll. top CV Ba | VC aB | *QF*]

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The tables above show signs used for simple syllables of the form CV or VC. As used for the Sumerian language, the cuneiform script was in principle capable of distinguishing at least 16 consonants, transliterated as

b, d, g, g~, ?, k, l, m, n, p, r, r, s, š, t, z

as well as four vowel qualities,a, e, i, u. …[Wik]

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The picture of a hand came to stand not only for Sumerian šu (“hand”) but also for the phonetic syllable šu in any required context. Sumerian words were largely monosyllabic, so the signs generally denoted syllables, and the resulting mixture is termed a word-syllabic script. The inventory of phonetic symbols henceforth enabled the Sumerians to denote grammatical elements by phonetic complements added to the word signs (logograms or ideograms). Because Sumerian had many identical sounding (homophonous) words, several logograms frequently yielded identical phonetic values and are distinguished in modern transliteration—(as, for example, ba, bá, bà, ba4). Because a logogram often represented several related notions with different names (e.g., “sun,” “day,” “bright”), it was capable of assuming more than one phonetic value (this feature is called polyphony)…more

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…"accents" and subscript numerals do not affect the pronunciation – Halloran

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Foxvog's Basics

http://home.comcast.net/~foxvog/Grammar.pdf]

Sign Diacritics and Index Numbers

Sumerian features a large number of homonyms — words that were pronounced

similarly but had different meanings and were written with different signs,

for example:

𒁺/du/ "to come, go" 1207A

𒆕 /du/ "to build" 12195

𒂃 /du/ "to release" 12083

A system of numerical subscripts, and diacritics over vowels representing

subscripts, serves to identify precisely which sign appears in the actual text Borger's index system which is used here is as follows:

Single-syllable signs Multiple-syllable signs

du (= du₁) muru

dú (= du₂) múru

dù (= du₃) mùru

du₄ etc. muru₄

Note that the diacritic always falls on the FIRST VOWEL of the word!

There is variation in the systems employed in older signlists for multiple- syllable signs, especially in Labat. In the earliest editions of his sign-list which may still be encountered in libraries, Labat carried the use of diacritics through index numbers 4-5 by shifting the acute and grave accents onto the first syllable of multiple-syllable signs:

murú (= muru₂)

murù (= muru₃)

múru (= muru₄)

mùru (= muru₅)

New values of signs, pronunciations for which no generally accepted index numbers yet exist, are given an “x” subscript, e.g. dax "side"…

Many signs are polyvalent, that is, they have more than one value or reading…

…

Polyvalency

The most important new development by far was the principle of polyvalency, the association of “many values” with a particular sign, each with its own separate pronunciation. This became a very productive and simple method of generating new logographic values.

[foxvog polyvalency]

Determinatives

To help the reader decide which possible value of a polyvalent sign was intended by the writer, the use of determinatives arose. A determinative is one of a limited number of signs which, when placed before or after a sign or group of signs, indicates that the determined object belongs to a particular semantic category, e.g. wooden, reed, copper or bronze objects, or persons, deities, places, etc. Determinatives were still basically optional as late as the Ur III period (7887-7997CT). When Sumerian died as a spoken language, they became obligatory. Determinatives were presumably not to be pronounced when a text was read, and to show that they are not actually part of a word we transliterate them, in unilingual Sumerian context at least, as superscripts. To use the example of the "plow" sign above, the polyvalent sign APIN [see 12033] is read

APIN – if preceded by a "wood" determinative: GIŠAPIN "plow"

ENGAR – if preceded by a "person" determinative: ^LÚENGAR "plowman"

but URU₄ "to plow" or ÀBSIN "furrow" elsewhere, depending upon context.

Rebus Writing and Syllabic Values

At some point rebus [cf. Kindle defi: a puzzle – words are rep by combo pictures and individual letters e.g. apex = picture of ape + letter X shown by] writings arose, where the sign for an object which could easily be drawn was used to write a homophonous word which could not so easily be depicted, especially an abstract idea. For example, the picture of an arrow, pronounced /ti/, became also the standard sign for ti "rib" as well as for the verb ti(l) "to live". The adoption of the rebus principle was a great innova- tion, but it adds to the difficulty of learning the Sumerian writing system, since meanings of words thus written are divorced entirely from the original basic shapes and meanings of their signs.

…The Sumerian writing system was still in limited use as late as the [100^th] cent.; the last known texts are astronomical in nature and can be dated to ca. [10076CT]. The system thus served the needs of Mesopotamian civilizations for a continuous span of over 3200 years – a remarkable achievement in human history.

Syllabic Signs

Used in Sumerian primarily to write grammatical elements. They are also commonly used to write words for which there is no proper logogram. Sometimes this phonetic writing is a clue that the word in question is a foreign loanword.

[foxvog polyvalency]

Determinatives

Logograms which may appear before or after words which categorize the latter in a variety of ways. They are orthographic aids and were presumably not pronounced in actual speech. They begin to be used spora- dically by the end of the archaic period. While they were probably developed to help a reader chose the desired value of a polyvalent sign, they are often employed obligatorily even when the determined logogram is not polyvalent. For example, while the wood determinative giš may be used before the PA sign to help specify its reading gidri "scepter", rather than, e.g., sìg "to beat", giš is also used before hašhur "apple (tree or wood)" even though this sign has no other reading. Other common functions are to help the reader distinguish between homonymous words, e.g. ad "sound" and ^gišAD "plank" or between different related meanings of a word, e.g. nú "to sleep" but ^gišgèšnu (NÚ) "bed". The following determinatives are placed BEFORE the words they determine and so are referred to as pre-determinatives:

[foxvog determ]

The following determinatives are placed AFTER the words they determine and so are referred to as post-determinatives:

[foxvog determ2]

..uuuQQ

uCode query

[uQQ AYA father 561x]a-a (aya)[561x] = father

[uQQ SU4 SI4 to be red brown 184x]SU₄, SI₄ [184x] = to be red brown

[uQQ KUSH2 kusu tired troubled 149x]KUSHU / KUŠU, kuš₂ [149x] = tired, troubled | cpd [cpd kush2-a-ni-ta tired] kuš₂-a-ni-ta = to be tired

uQQ kuš₂ tired + 12000 A cry of woe + 1224C NI come to an end + 122EB TA much

[uQQ SHA2 NIG syllabary sh-] šá=NÍG [syllabary]

[uQQ pesh thick breathe give birth] peš [67x] thick; give birth – see12912

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Copula

I₃-am₃-me

to be

1224C	cpd	12228
𒉌	[cpd am3 copula to be variant 50x]	𒈨
I3	am3	me
time, comes to pass	aux. 12000 A progeny + 1202D deity	to be, is

http://etcsl.orinst.ox…c625.15.3…

also

1214E

𒅎

em

to be

http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e3660.html

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[More True Etym. English "I", "am", "me"!]

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Tablet Examples

[Gilgamesh Flood Tablet 217]

Gilgamesh Flood Tablet

(CDLI)

Ur-Nammu [7954-7971CT] founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule… chiefly remembered today for his legal code, The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest known law code surviving today. It is written on tablets, in the Sumerian language [c.7900CT]….[Wik]

[Ur-Nammu Law Code oldest laws known Sumer 7900CT 300 years before Hammurabi code 201]

http://www.schoyencollection.com/music.html (MS 2064)

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[Earliest record musical instruments 23 types Sumer 7400CT s]

Earliest record musical instruments 23 types listed

Sumer 7400CT http://www.schoyencollection.com/music.html (MS 2340)

Considering the extent to which Sumerians invent musical instruments and writing about music, makes you wonder when you look at cuneiform like 𒅖(12156 kuš₇civil servant) about the true origins of the music staff and notes layout [Sumerian music staff origins] [and the bullet point!]

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[stinginess of sister letter 181]

[Cuneiform Texts and the Writing of History

- Marc Van De Mieroop - more]

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PHI

[project-home-invitation]

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Mugsar Course Modules

Key focus areas:

1. How Sumerian Scribes were thinking by doing Mugsar 4-Ways

2. Conjure missing concepts in cuneiform, i.e. create new compounds esp for intellectual 'big words' and new technology terms.

Mugsar High Schools International Debating Competition
"What kind of a student is a student who does not know Sumerian?"

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Mugsar Immortal Benefactors Register (MIBR) 𒀔

The MIBR is being developed here.

Format example:

MIB No.:

12017CT02071441

[YearMonthDateTime Immortalized]

Family Name:

The Xxxxxx Family

Message in a Bottle:

Family Photo:

[The Xxxxxx Family]

City/Town, Country:

Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx

Immortalized by:

Xxxxxx Xxxxxx

MUGSAR Location:

Sign: 12000 A vowel water

[Location links to plot: sign / compound / section / etc.]
{Options for endowment amount - private/public…}
..

You know plain and simple, it's not just after you're gone, nobody knows you ever existed, it starts way before.
It ain't getting less competitive out there.
As a parent, what's something special that you can put on your kid's application to a top university?
Parents' Occupation: "Nothing Special"
Family's Altruistic Activities: "Nothing Special"
Kid graduates one day from an average college with millions of others, what's something special to put on the resume?
Kid's Internships: "Nothing Special"
If I was a parent, my eyes would be lighting up on that empty starting MIBR list.
How would it look to have our family in the first 10, for all time, to boot.
A couple of grand to sponsor a sign, shoot, what have I got to lose ...what if this sucker takes off some day?

At any moment, you could be watching Jimmy Fallon, and the new game is
"Who can find the Mugsar sign the fastest?"

[mugsar3]

Or some rich eccentric might be smitten about stirring up the Establishment, and puts $50,000,000 straight into advertising for just one line on a screen:

[$50,000,000 Mugsar Benefactor world advertising campaign]

Supporters - Finder’s Commissions | Immortalizer

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